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You Won’t Get High the First Time You Try Cannabis

 

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Cannabis is a Gateway Drug

 

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Jorgensen, C., & Wells, J. (2021). Is marijuana really a gateway drug? A nationally representative test of the marijuana gateway hypothesis using a propensity score matching design. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-021-09464-z

 

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Cannabis is So Much Stronger Today Than it Was in The 1900s

 

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Cannabis Will Make You a Criminal

 

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Smoking Cannabis Kills Brain Cells

 

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Chang, L., Yakupov, R., Cloak, C., & Ernst, T. (2006). Marijuana use is associated with a reorganized visual-attention network and cerebellar hypoactivation. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 129(Pt 5), 1096-1112. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awl064

 

Chen, Y., & Buck, J. (2000). Cannabinoids protect cells from oxidative cell death: A receptor-independent mechanism. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 293(3), 807-812. https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/293/3/807

 

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Jager, G., Kahn, R. S., Van Den Brink, W., Van Ree, J.,M., & Ramsey, N. F. (2006). Long-term effects of frequent cannabis use on working memory and attention: An fMRI 22 study. Psychopharmacology, 185(3), 358-368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-005-0298-7

 

Jiang, W., Zhang, Y., Xiao, L., Van Cleemput, J., Ji, S. P., Bai, G., & Zhang, X. (2005). Cannabinoids promote embryonic and adult hippocampus neurogenesis and produce anxiolytic-and antidepressant-like effects. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 115(11), 3104-3116. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI25509

 

Kanayama, G., Rogowska, J., Pope, H. G., Gruber, S. A., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. (2004). Spatial working memory in heavy cannabis users: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychopharmacology, 176(3), 239-247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-004-1885-8

 

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Schoeler, T., Kambeitz, J., Behlke, I., Murray, R., & Bhattacharyya, S. (2016). The effects of cannabis on memory function in users with and without a psychotic disorder: Findings from a combined meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 46(1), 177-188. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001646

 

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Yanes, J. A., Riedel, M. C., Ray, K. L., Kirkland, A. E., Bird, R. T., Boeving, E. R., Reid, M. A., Gonzalez, R., Robinson, J. L., Laird, A. R., & Sutherland, M. T. (2018). Neuroimaging meta-analysis of cannabis use studies reveals convergent functional alterations in brain regions supporting cognitive control and reward processing. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 32(3), 283-295. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881117744995

 

You Can Drive Better When You’re High

 

Asbridge, M., Hayden, J. A., & Cartwright, J. L. (2012). Acute cannabis consumption and motor vehicle collision risk: Systematic review of observational studies and meta-analysis. BMJ (Online), 344, e536. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e536

 

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Bédard, M., Dubois, S., & Weaver, B. (2007). The impact of cannabis on driving. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 98(1), 6-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03405376

 

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Fischer, B., Russell, C., Sabioni, P., Van Den Brink, W., Le Foll, B., Hall, W., Rehm, J., & Room, R. (2017). Lower-risk cannabis use guidelines: A comprehensive update of evidence and recommendations. American Journal of Public Health, 107(8), E1-E12. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303818

 

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McCartney, D., Arkell, T. R., Irwin, C., & McGregor, I. S. (2021). Determining the magnitude  and duration of acute [DELTA].sup.9-tetrahydrocannabinol -induced driving and  cognitive impairment: A systematic and meta-analysis review. Neuroscience and  Biobehavioral Reviews, 126, 175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.003 

 

Ramaekers, J. G., Robbe, H. W., & O'Hanlon, J. F. (2000). Marijuana, alcohol and actual driving performance. Human Psychopharmacology, 15(7), 551–558. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1077(200010)15:7<551::AID-HUP236>3.0.CO;2-P

 

Rogeberg, O., & Elvik, R. (2016). The effects of cannabis intoxication on motor vehicle collision revisited and revised. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 111(8), 1348–1359. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13347

 

Swift, W., Copeland, J., Lenton, S. (2000). Cannabis and harm reduction. Drug and Alcohol Review, 19(1), 101-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230096200

 

It’s Natural So it’s Harmless

 

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Casadio, P., Fernandes, C., Murray, R. M., & Di Forti, M. (2011). Cannabis use in young people: The risk for schizophrenia. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(8), 1779-1787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.04.007

 

Chang, L., Yakupov, R., Cloak, C., & Ernst, T. (2006). Marijuana use is associated with a reorganized visual-attention network and cerebellar hypoactivation. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 129(Pt 5), 1096-1112. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awl064

 

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Patel, J., & Marwaha, R. (2021). Cannabis use disorder. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538131/ 

 

Salas-Wright, C. P., Carbone, J. T., Holzer, K. J., & Vaughn, M. G. (2019). Prevalence and correlates of cannabis poisoning diagnosis in a national emergency department sample. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 204, 107564-107564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107564 

 

Schoeler, T., Kambeitz, J., Behlke, I., Murray, R., & Bhattacharyya, S. (2016). The effects of cannabis on memory function in users with and without a psychotic disorder: Findings from a combined meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 46(1), 177-188. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001646

 

Schreiner, A. M., & Dunn, M. E. (2012). Residual effects of cannabis use on neurocognitive performance after prolonged abstinence: A meta-analysis. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 20(5), 420-429. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029117

 

Yanes, J. A., Riedel, M. C., Ray, K. L., Kirkland, A. E., Bird, R. T., Boeving, E. R., Reid, M. A., Gonzalez, R., Robinson, J. L., Laird, A. R., & Sutherland, M. T. (2018). Neuroimaging meta-analysis of cannabis use studies reveals convergent functional alterations in brain regions supporting cognitive control and reward processing. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 32(3), 283-295. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881117744995

 

If You Hold the Smoke in Longer You Get More High 

 

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Farris, S. G., & Metrik, J. (2016). Acute effects of cannabis on breath-holding duration. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 24(4), 305–312. https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000075

 

Fischer, B., Russell, C., Sabioni, P., Van Den Brink, W., Le Foll, B., Hall, W., Rehm, J. & Room, R. (2017). Lower-risk cannabis use guidelines: A comprehensive update of evidence and recommendations. American Journal of Public Health, 107(8), e1-e12. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303818

 

McClure, E. A., Stitzer, M. L., & Vandrey, R. (2012). Characterizing smoking topography of cannabis in heavy users. Psychopharmacology, 220(2), 309-318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2480-4 

 

Zacny, J. P., & Chait, L. D. (1989). Breathhold duration and response to marijuana smoke. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 33(2), 481–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(89)90534-0

 

Zacny, J. P., & Chait, L. D. (1991). Response to marijuana as a function of potency and breathhold duration. Psychopharmacology, 103(2), 223-226. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02244207

 

If You Eat Raw Cannabis, You Will Get High

 

Blake, A., & Nahtigal, I. (2019). The evolving landscape of cannabis edibles. Current Opinion in Food Science, 28, 25-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2019.03.009

 

Hädener, M., Vieten, S., Weinmann, W., & Mahler, H. (2019). A preliminary investigation of lung availability of cannabinoids by smoking marijuana or dabbing BHO and decarboxylation rate of THC-and CBD-acids. Forensic Science International, 295, 207-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.12.021

 

Moreno, T., Dyer, P., & Tallon, S. (2020). Cannabinoid decarboxylation: A comparative kinetic study. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 59(46), 20307-20315. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.0c03791

 

Nuapia, Y., Maraba, K., Tutu, H., Chimuka, L., & Cukrowska, E. (2021). In situ decarboxylation-pressurized hot water extraction for selective extraction of cannabinoids from cannabis sativa. Chemometric Approach. Molecules, 26(11), 3343. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113343

 

Wang, M., Wang, Y., Avula, B., Radwan, M. M., Wanas, A. S., van Antwerp, J., Parcher, J. F., ElSohly, M. A., & Khan, I. A. (2016). Decarboxylation study of acidic cannabinoids: A novel approach using ultra-high-performance supercritical fluid chromatography/photodiode array-mass spectrometry. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 1(1), 262-271. https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2016.0020

 

Having Cannabis in Your System (ex. Blood Test) Means You are High

 

Odell, M. S., Frei, M. Y., Gerostamoulos, D., Chu, M., & Lubman, D. I. (2015). Residual cannabis levels in blood, urine and oral fluid following heavy cannabis use. Forensic  Science International, 249, 173-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.01.026 

 

You Cannot Overdose on Cannabis

 

Salas-Wright, C. P., Carbone, J. T., Holzer, K. J., & Vaughn, M. G. (2019). Prevalence and correlates of cannabis poisoning diagnosis in a national emergency department sample. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 204, 107564-107564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107564 

 

THC Content is The Most Important Data Point

 

McLaren, J., Swift, W., Dillon, P., & Allsop, S. (2008). Cannabis potency and contamination: A review of the literature. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 103(7), 1100-1109.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02230.x 

 

Wang, M., Wang, Y., Avula, B., Radwan, M. M., Wanas, A. S., van Antwerp, J., Parcher, J. F., ElSohly, M. A., & Khan, I. A. (2016). Decarboxylation study of acidic cannabinoids: A novel approach using ultra-high-performance supercritical fluid chromatography/photodiode array-mass spectrometry. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 1(1), 262-271. https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2016.0020

 

Car Accidents Will Go Up After Legalization

 

Aydelotte, J. D., Brown, L. H., Luftman, K. M., Mardock, A. L., Teixeira, P. G. R., Coopwood, B., & Brown, C. V. R. (2017). Crash fatality rates after recreational marijuana legalization in washington and colorado. American Journal of Public Health (1971), 107(8), 1329-1331. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303848  

 

Callaghan, R. C., Sanches, M., Vander Heiden, J., Asbridge, M., Stockwell, T., Macdonald, S., Peterman, B. H., & Kish, S. J. (2021). Canada’s cannabis legalization and drivers’  traffic-injury presentations to emergency departments in ontario and alberta, 2015-2019. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 228, 109008-109008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109008 

 

Cannabis is Worse Than Alcohol

 

Nutt, D. J., Prof, King, L. A., PhD, Phillips, L. D., PhD, on behalf of the Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs, & Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs. (2010). Drug harms in the uk: A multicriteria decision analysis. The Lancet (British Edition), 376(9752), 1558-1565. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6 

 

Weissenborn, R., & Nutt, D. J. (2012). Popular intoxicants: What lessons can be learned from the last 40 years of alcohol and cannabis regulation? Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford), 26(2), 213-220. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881111414751 

 

Cannabis Has Killed More People Than Alcohol

 

CDC. (2021, January 14). Deaths from excessive alcohol use in the united states. https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/features/excessive-alcohol-deaths.html 

 

Smoking Cannabis is Just as Bad as Smoking Cigarettes 

 

Barnwell, S. S., Earleywine, M., & Wilcox, R. (2006). Cannabis, motivation, and life satisfaction in an internet sample. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention and Policy, 1(1), 2-2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-597X-1-2 

 

You Cannot be Addicted to Cannabis

 

Behrendt, S., Wittchen, H., Höfler, M., Lieb, R., & Beesdo, K. (2008;2009;). Transitions from first substance use to substance use disorders in adolescence: Is early onset associated with a rapid escalation? Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 99(1), 68-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.06.014  

 

Government of Canada. (2021, July 2). Addiction to cannabis. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/health-effects/addiction.html  

 

Lopez-Quintero, C., Cobos, Jose Perez de los, Hasin, D. S., Okuda, M., Wang, S., Grant, B. F., & Blanco, C. (2010;2011). Probability and predictors of transition from first use to dependence on nicotine, alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine: Results of the national epidemiological survey on alcohol and related conditions (nesarc). Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 115(1), 120-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.11.004 

 

Patel, J., & Marwaha, R. (2021). Cannabis use disorder. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538131/ 

 

You Can Become Addicted After One Try

 

Behrendt, S., Wittchen, H., Höfler, M., Lieb, R., & Beesdo, K. (2008;2009;). Transitions from first substance use to substance use disorders in adolescence: Is early onset associated with a rapid escalation? Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 99(1), 68-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.06.014 

 

There is No Benefit/Effect of Consuming CBD

 

DiLonardo, M., J. (2019). Cbd vs. thc: What’s the difference? WEbMEd. https://www.webmd.com/pain-management/cbd-thc-difference

 

Fletcher, J. (2019). A comparison of cbd and thc. Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325871

 

Rexaline, S. (2019, March 7). Cbd vs. thc: The science behind most popular cannabinoids. Benzinga. https://www.benzinga.com/markets/cannabis/19/03/13312269/cbd-vs-thc-the-science-behind-the-most-popular-cannabinoids?utm_sq=g0v89su8hc&utm_source=Twitter&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=ParkAmerican&utm_content=NewsArticles 

 

Sativa/Indica Describe the Effects of Cannabis, Instead of the Physical Plant Shape

 

Indica vs. sativa: Know your cannabis subspecies. (2020). Crescolabs. https://www.crescolabs.com/indica-vs-sativa/

 

Dangers of High THC Potency Cannabis

 

Drennan, M.L., Karoly, H.C., Bryan, A.D., Hutchison, K.E., Bidwell, L.C. (2021). Acute objective and subjective intoxication effects of legal-market high potency thc-dominant versus cbd-dominant cannabis concentrates. Scientific Reports (Nature Publisher Group), 11(1) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01128-2

 

People with a Personal or Family History of Psychosis Should Not Consume Cannabis

 

Caspi, A., Moffitt, T.E., Cannon, M., McClay, J., Murray, R., Harrington, H., Taylor, A., Arseneault, L., Williams, B., Braithwaite, A., Poulton, R., Craig, I.W. (2005). Moderation of the effect of adolescent-onset cannabis use on adult psychosis by a functional polymorphism in the catechol-o-methyltransferase gene: Longitudinal evidence of a gene x environment interaction. Biological Psychiatry, 57(10), 1117-1127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.01.026

 

Consuming the Stems will Make You Sick/Give You a Headache

 

Jin, D., Dai, K., Xie, Z., Chen, J. (2020). Secondary metabolites profiled in cannabis inflorescences, leaves, stem barks, and roots for medicinal purposes. Scientific Reports, 10, 3309. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60172-6

 

There is Justifiable Cause to Disproportionately Incarcerate People of Colour

 

Valleriani, J., Lavalley, J., & McNeil, R. (2018). A missed opportunity? Cannabis legalization and reparations in canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 109(5-6), 745-747. https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-018-0121-y

 

It is Fine to Drive While Smoking or Just After You Smoke

 

McCartney, D., Arkell, T. R., Irwin, C., & McGregor, I. S. (2021). Determining the magnitude and duration of acute [DELTA].sup.9-tetrahydrocannabinol -induced driving and cognitive impairment: A systematic and meta-analysis review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 126, 175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.003

 

Pearlson, G. D., Stevens, M. C., & D’Souza, D. C. (2021). Cannabis and driving. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 689444-689444. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.689444                         

 

Wang, G. S. (2021). Cannabis (marijuana): Acute intoxication. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cannabis-marijuana-acuteintoxication#:~:text=Inhaled%20marijuana%20%E2%80%93%20After%20inhalation%20of,lasting%20up%20to%20four%20hours

 

Cannabis Users are Drug Addicts

 

Government of Canada. (2021, July 2). Addiction to cannabis. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/healtheffects/addiction.html 

 

Cannabis and Anesthesia

 

Imasogie, N., Rose, R. V., & Wilson, A. (2021). High quantities: Evaluating the association between cannabis use and propofol anesthesia during endoscopy. PloS One, 16(3), e0248062-e0248062. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248062  

 

Sadighi, T., & Londahl-Ramsey, V. (2021). Cannabis use: Change in screening for primary care preoperative clearance. Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 17(7), 819-822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2021.02.021 

 

Cannabis Harms the Developing Brain

 

Shen, H. (2020). News feature: Cannabis and the adolescent brain. PNAS, 117(1), 7-11. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1920325116

 

Cannabis Gives You the Munchies

 

Hull, M. (2019). The science behind munchies: cannabis and your appetite. Examine. https://examine.com/nutrition/cannabis-munchies/ 

 

Roberts, C. A., Jager, G., Christiansen, P., & Kirkham, T. C. (2019). Exploring the munchies: An online survey of users’ experiences of cannabis effects on appetite and the development of a cannabinoid eating experience questionnaire. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford), 33(9), 1149-1159. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881119862526 

 

Smoking Makes You Hallucinate

 

Barrett, F. S., Schlienz, N. J., Lembeck, N., Waqas, M., & Vandrey, R. (2018). “Hallucinations” following acute cannabis dosing: A case report and comparison to other hallucinogenic drugs. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 3(1), 85-93. https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2017.0052 

 

You Can Get High from Second-Hand Smoke

 

Herrmann, E. S., Cone, E. J., Mitchell, J. M., Bigelow, G. E., LoDico, C., Flegel, R., & Vandrey, R. (2015). Non-smoker exposure to secondhand cannabis smoke II: Effect of room ventilation on the physiological, subjective, and behavioral/cognitive effects. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 151, 194-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.03.019

 

Abrams, D. I., Vizoso, H. P., Shade, S. B., Jay, C., Kelly, M. E., & Benowitz, N. L. (2007). Vaporization as a smokeless cannabis delivery system: a pilot study. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 82(5), 572-578. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.clpt.6100200

 

Adams, I. B., & Martin, B. R. (1996). Cannabis: Pharmacology and toxicology in animals and humans. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 91(11), 1585-1614. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1996.911115852.x 

 

Alger, B. E. (2013). Getting high on the endocannabinoid system. Cerebrum : The Dana Forum on Brain Science,  2013, 14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3997295/

 

Allen, J. A., Davis, K. C., Duke, J. C., Nonnemaker, J. M., Bradfield, B. R., & Farrelly, M. C. (2017). New product trial, use of edibles, and unexpected highs among marijuana and hashish users in colorado. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 176, 44-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.006 

 

Arboleda, M. F., Prosk, E., Cyr, C., Gamaoun, R., & Vigano, A. (2020). Medical cannabis in supportive cancer care: Lessons from Canada. Supportive Care in Cancer: Official Journal of Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer, 28(7), 2999-3001. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-020-05403-2

 

Aston, E. R., Scott, B., & Farris, S. G. (2019). A qualitative analysis of cannabis vaporization among medical users. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 27(4), 301-308. https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000279  

 

Azofeifa, A., Mattson, M. E., Schauer, G., McAfee, T., Grant, A., & Lyerla, R. (2016). National estimates of marijuana use and related indicators — national survey on drug use and health, united states, 2002–2014. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Surveillance summaries (Washington, D.C.: 2002), 65(11), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6511a1 

 

Baron, E. P. (2015). Comprehensive review of medicinal marijuana, cannabinoids, and therapeutic implications in medicine and headache: What a long strange trip it's been. Headache, 55(6), 885-916. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.12570 

 

Barrus, D. G., Capogrossi, K. L., Cates, S. C., Gourdet, C. K., Peiper, N. C., Novak, S. P., Lefever, T. W., & Wiley, J. L. (2016). Tasty thc: Promises and challenges of cannabis edibles. Methods report (RTI Press), 2016, 10.3768/rtipress.2016.op.0035.1611. https://doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2016.op.0035.1611 

 

Benjamin, D. M., & Fossler, M. J. (2016). Edible cannabis products: it is time for FDA oversight. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 56(9), 1045-1047. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.778

 

Benzinga. (2018, March 30). Smoking is just one way to use marijuana: An introduction to vaporizers, edibles, oils, tinctures, dabs and other cannabis products. https://www.benzinga.com/general/biotech/18/03/11035855/smoking-is-just-one-way-to-use-marijuana-an-introduction-to-vaporizer

 

Birnbaum, A. K., Karanam, A., Marino, S. E., Barkley, C. M., Remmel, R. P., Roslawski, M., Gramling‐Aden, M., & Leppik, I. E. (2019). Food effect on pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol oral capsules in adult patients with refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia (Copenhagen), 60(8), 1586-1592. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.16093 

 

Bjorge, P. (2020, March 4). Cannabis tinctures 101: How to make, consume, and dose them. Leafly. https://www.leafly.ca/news/cannabis-101/cannabis-tinctures-101-what-are-they-how-to-make-them-and-how-to 

 

Blake, A., & Nahtigal, I. (2019). The evolving landscape of cannabis edibles. Current Opinion in Food Science, 28, 25-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2019.03.009 

 

Bloor, R. N., Wang, T. S., Spanel, P., & Smith, D. (2008). Ammonia release from heated ‘street’ cannabis leaf and its potential toxic effects on cannabis users. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 103(10), 1671-1677. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02281.x

 

Borodovsky, J. T., Crosier, B. S., Lee, D. C., Sargent, J. D., & Budney, A. J. (2016). Smoking, vaping, eating: Is legalization impacting the way people use cannabis? The International Journal of Drug Policy, 36, 141-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.02.022 

 

Borodovsky, J. T., Lee, D. C., Crosier, B. S., Gabrielli, J. L., Sargent, J. D., & Budney, A. J. (2017). U.S. cannabis legalization and use of vaping and edible products among youth. Drug and alcohol dependence, 177, 299-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.02.017

 

Bottorff, J. L., Bissell, L. J., Balneaves, L. G., Oliffe, J. L., Capler, N. R., & Buxton, J. (2013). Perceptions of cannabis as a stigmatized medicine: A qualitative descriptive study. Harm Reduction Journal, 10(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-10-2

 

Calapai, F., Cardia, L., Sorbara, E. E., Navarra, M., Gangemi, S., Calapai, G., & Mannucci, C. (2020). Cannabinoids, blood-brain barrier, and brain disposition. Pharmaceutics, 12(3), 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12030265

 

Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction. (2019). 7 things about edible cannabis. https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-06/CCSA-7-Things-About-Edible-Cannabis-2019-en.pdf 

 

Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction. (2019). Edible cannabis: Always read the label. https://ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-10/CCSA-Edible-Cannabis-Read-Label-Infographic-2019-en.pdf

 

Cannabis Regulations (SOR/2018-144). https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/Regulations/SOR-2018-144/index.html  

 

Capano, A., Weaver, R., & Burkman, E. (2020). Evaluation of the effects of CBD hemp extract on opioid use and quality of life indicators in chronic pain patients: A prospective cohort study. Postgraduate Medicine, 132(1), 56-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/00325481.2019.1685298

 

Carter, G. T., Weydt, P., Kyashna-Tocha, M., & Abrams, D. I. (2004). Medicinal cannabis: Rational guidelines for dosing. IDrugs: The Investigational Drugs Journal, 7(5), 464-470. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15154108/

 

Chait, L. D., & Zacny, J. P. (1992). Reinforcing and subjective effects of oral Δ 9-thc and smoked marijuana in humans. Psychopharmacology, 107(2), 255-262. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02245145

 

Cone, E. J., Johnson, R. E., Paul, B. D., Mell, L. D., & Mitchell, J. (1988). Marijuana-laced brownies: Behavioral effects, physiologic effects, and urinalysis in humans following ingestion. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 12(4), 169-175. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/12.4.169

 

Craft, S., Winstock, A., Ferris, J., Mackie, C., Lynskey, M. T., & Freeman, T. P. (2020;2019;). Characterising heterogeneity in the use of different cannabis products: Latent class analysis with 55 000 people who use cannabis and associations with severity of cannabis dependence. Psychological Medicine, 50(14), 2364-2373. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291719002460 

 

Cranford, J. A., Bohnert, K. M., Perron, B. E., Bourque, C., & Ilgen, M. (2016). Prevalence and correlates of “Vaping” as a route of cannabis administration in medical cannabis patients. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 169, 41– 47. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.10.008

 

CSSDP. (2018). Sensible cannabis education - A toolkit for educating youth. https://cssdp.org/uploads/2018/04/Sensible-Cannabis-Education-A-Toolkit-for-Educating-Youth.pdf

 

CSSDP. (2019). Cannabis harm reduction. https://cssdp.org/uploads/2019/09/Cannabis-Harm-Reduction.pdf 

 

Curran, V. H., Brignell, C., Fletcher, S., Middleton, P., & Henry, J. (2002). Cognitive and subjective dose-response effects of acute oral Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (thc) in infrequent cannabis users. Psychopharmacology, 164(1), 61-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-002-1169-0

 

Cuttler, C., Mischley, L. K., & Sexton, M. (2016). Sex differences in cannabis use and effects: A cross-sectional survey of cannabis users. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 1(1), 166-175. https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2016.0010

 

Dalgarno, P., & Shewan, D. (2005). Reducing the risks of drug use: The case for set and setting. Addiction Research & Theory, 13(3), 259-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066350500053562 

 

Ewusi Boisvert, E., Bae, D., Pang, R. D., Davis, J. P., Kelley-Quon, L. I., Barrington-Trimis, J. L., Kirkpatrick, M. G., Chai, S. H., & Leventhal, A. M. (2020). Subjective effects of combustible, vaporized, and edible cannabis: Results from a survey of adolescent cannabis users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 206, 107716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107716 

 

Farmer, S., Slavin, M. N., Loflin, M. J. E., Luba, R., & Earleywine, M. (2019). Aversiveness and meaningfulness of uncomfortable experiences with edible cannabis. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 51(5), 413-420. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2019.1645371 

 

Fischer, B., Russell, C., Sabioni, P., Van Den Brink, W., Le Foll, B., Hall, W., Rehm, J., & Room, R. (2017). Lower-risk cannabis use guidelines: A comprehensive update of evidence and recommendations. American Journal of Public Health, 107(8), E1-E12. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303818

 

Fligiel, S. E., Roth, M. D., Kleerup, E. C., Barsky, S. H., Simmons, M. S., & Tashkin, D. P. (1997). Tracheobronchial histopathology in habitual smokers of cocaine, marijuana, and/or tobacco. Chest, 112(2), 319-326. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.112.2.319

 

Franciosi, A. (2017). THC patch: The ultimate guide to thc transdermal patches. Honest Marijuana. https://honestmarijuana.com/thc-patch/ 

 

Freeman, T. P., & Winstock, A. R. (2015). Examining the profile of high-potency cannabis and its association with severity of cannabis dependence. Psychological Medicine, 45(15), 3181-3189. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001178 

 

Geshtakovska, G., & Stefkov, G. (2016). Routes of cannabis administration: A brief review. Your hosts Macedonian Pharmaceutical Association and Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 515. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marija-Vavlukis/publication/303899331_Impact_of_SLCO1B1_521TC_and_388AG_polymorphisms_on_response_to_atorvastatin_in_the_albanian_population/links/575bf9a708ae9a9c9556fa65/Impact-of-SLCO1B1-521TC-and-388AG-polymorphisms-on-response-to-atorvastatin-in-the-albanian-population.pdf#page=515

 

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