Question 1

What is CBD

Accepted Answer

Crippa, J. A., Zuardi, A. W., Martín-Santos, R., Bhattacharyya, S., Atakan, Z., McGuire, P., & Fusar-Poli, P. (2009). Cannabis and anxiety: A critical review of the evidence. Human Psychopharmacology, 24(7), 515-523. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.1048(https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.1048)
 
Darkovska-Serafimovska, M., Serafimovska, T., Arsova-Sarafinovska, Z., Stefanoski, S., Keskovski, Z., & Balkanov, T. (2018). Pharmacotherapeutic considerations for use of cannabinoids to relieve pain in patients with malignant diseases. Journal of Pain Research, 11, 837-842. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S160556(https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S160556)
 
Government of Canada. (2018, October 17). About cannabis. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/about.html(https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/about.html)
 
Grinspoon, P. (2020, September 24). Cannabidiol (cbd)-What we know and what we don’t. Harvard Health Publishing. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/cannabidiol-cbd-what-we-know-and-what-we-dont-2(https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/cannabidiol-cbd-what-we-know-and-what-we-dont-2018082414476)018082414476(https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/cannabidiol-cbd-what-we-know-and-what-we-dont-2018082414476)
 
Guimarães, F. S., Chiaretti, T. M., Graeff, F. G., and Zuardi, A. W. (1990). Antianxiety effect of cannabidiol in the elevated plus-maze. Psychopharmacology, 100(4), 558–559. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02244012(https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02244012)
 
How cbd can be taken: 4 different delivery methods. (2020). Phytoextractum. https://www.phytoextractum.com/resources/how-cbd-can-be-taken-4-different-delivery-m(https://www.phytoextractum.com/resources/how-cbd-can-be-taken-4-different-delivery-methods/)ethods/(https://www.phytoextractum.com/resources/how-cbd-can-be-taken-4-different-delivery-methods/)
 
Leweke, F. M., Piomelli, D., Pahlisch, F., Muhl, D., Gerth, C. W., Hoyer, C., Klosterkötter, J., Hellmich, M., & Koethe, D. (2012). Cannabidiol enhances anandamide signaling and alleviates psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia. Translational Psychiatry, 2(3), e94-e94. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2012.15(https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2012.15)
 
Lowe, D. J. E., Sasiadek, J. D., Coles, A. S., & George, T. P. (2019). Cannabis and mental illness: A review. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 269(1), 107-120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-018-0970-7(https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-018-0970-7)
 
McGuire, P., Robson, P., Cubala, W. J., Vasile, D., Morrison, P. D., Barron, R., Taylor, A., & Wright, S. (2018). Cannabidiol (cbd) as an adjunctive therapy in schizophrenia: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(3), 225-231. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17030325(https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17030325)
 
Pearson, J., Martin, A., Horgan, K., Wittreich, J., Gertz, B., & Lindley, C. (2000). Vomiting-and nausea-specific quality of life in patients with acute and delayed chemotherapy-induced emesis. Quality of Life Research, 9(3), 296-296. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4036294(https://www.jstor.org/stable/4036294)
 
Rexaline, S. (2019, March 7). Cbd vs. thc: The science behind most popular cannabinoids. Benzinga. https://www.benzinga.com/markets/cannabis/19/03/13312269/cbd-vs-thc-the-science-behi(https://www.benzinga.com/markets/cannabis/19/03/13312269/cbd-vs-thc-the-science-behind-the-most-popular-cannabinoids?utm_sq=g0v89su8hc&utm_source=Twitter&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=ParkAmerican&utm_content=NewsArticles)nd-the-most-popular-cannabinoids?utm_sq=g0v89su8hc&utm_source=Twitter&utm_med(https://www.benzinga.com/markets/cannabis/19/03/13312269/cbd-vs-thc-the-science-behind-the-most-popular-cannabinoids?utm_sq=g0v89su8hc&utm_source=Twitter&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=ParkAmerican&utm_content=NewsArticles)ium=social&utm_campaign=ParkAmerican&utm_content=NewsArticles(https://www.benzinga.com/markets/cannabis/19/03/13312269/cbd-vs-thc-the-science-behind-the-most-popular-cannabinoids?utm_sq=g0v89su8hc&utm_source=Twitter&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=ParkAmerican&utm_content=NewsArticles)
 
Shannon, S., & Opila-Lehman, J. (2016). Effectiveness of cannabidiol oil for pediatric anxiety and insomnia as part of posttraumatic stress disorder: A case report. Permanente Journal, 20(4), 16-005. https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/16-005(https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/16-005)

Question 2

First Time checklist

Accepted Answer

Anthony J. C., Warner L. A., Kessler R. C. (1994). Comparative epidemiology of dependence on tobacco, alcohol, controlled substances, and inhalants: Basic findings from the national comorbidity survey. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2(3), 244–268. https://doi.org/10.1037/1064-1297.2.3.244(https://doi.org/10.1037/1064-1297.2.3.244)
 
Arendt, M., Rosenberg, R., Foldager, L., Perto, G., & Munk-Jørgensen, P. (2005). Cannabis-induced psychosis and subsequent schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: Follow-up study of 535 incident cases. British Journal of Psychiatry, 187(6), 510-515. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.187.6.510(https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.187.6.510)
 
Arkowitz, H., & Lilienfeld, S. (2021, March 1). Experts tell the truth about pot. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-truth-about-pot/(https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-truth-about-pot/)
 
Bab, I., Zimmer, A., & Melamed, E. (2009). Cannabinoids and the skeleton: From marijuana to reversal of bone loss. Annals of Medicine (Helsinki), 41(8), 560-567. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890903121025(https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890903121025)
 
Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction. (2019). 7 things about edible cannabis. https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-06/CCSA-7-Things-About-Edible-Cannabis-2(https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-06/CCSA-7-Things-About-Edible-Cannabis-2019-en.pdf)019-en.pdf(https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-06/CCSA-7-Things-About-Edible-Cannabis-2019-en.pdf)
 
Corey-Bloom, J., Wolfson, T., Gamst, A., Jin, S., Marcotte, T. D., Bentley, H., & Gouaux, B. (2012). Smoked cannabis for spasticity in multiple sclerosis: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ), 184(10), 1143-1150. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.110837(https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.110837)
 
Crane, M. (2021). Dangers of marijuana: Long-term effects of pot on the brain and body. American Addiction Centers. https://americanaddictioncenters.org/marijuana-rehab/long-term-effects(https://americanaddictioncenters.org/marijuana-rehab/long-term-effects)
 
Freeman, T. P., & Winstock, A. R. (2015). Examining the profile of high-potency cannabis and its association with severity of cannabis dependence. Psychological Medicine, 45(15), 3181-3189. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001178(https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001178)
 
Government of Canada. (2019). Cannabis: Lower your risks. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/resources/low(https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/resources/lower-your-risks.html)er-your-risks.html(https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/resources/lower-your-risks.html)
 
Government of Canada. (2020). Canadian cannabis survey 2020: Summary. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/research-data(https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/research-data/canadian-cannabis-survey-2020-summary.html#a4)/canadian-cannabis-survey-2020-summary.html#a4(https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/research-data/canadian-cannabis-survey-2020-summary.html#a4)
 
Greco, R., Gasperi, V., Maccarrone, M., & Tassorelli, C. (2010). The endocannabinoid system and migraine. Experimental Neurology, 224(1), 85-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.03.029(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.03.029)
 
Green, B., Kavanagh, D., & Young, R. (2003). Being stoned: A review of self-reported cannabis effects. Drug and Alcohol Review, 22(4), 453-460. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230310001613976(https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230310001613976)
 
Grewal, J. K., & Loh, L. C. (2020). Health considerations of the legalization of cannabis edibles. Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ), 192(1), E1-E2. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.191217(https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.191217)
 
Grewal. S., & George. T. (2017). Cannabis-induced psychosis: A review. Psychiatric Times, 34(7). https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/cannabis-induced-psychosis-review(https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/cannabis-induced-psychosis-review)
 
Hall, W. (2015). What has research over the past two decades revealed about the adverse health effects of recreational cannabis use? Addiction (Abingdon, Endlang), 110(1), 19-35. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12703(https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12703)
 
Hamilton, H. A., Brands, B., Ialomiteanu, A. R., & Mann, R. E. (2017). Therapeutic use of cannabis: Prevalence and characteristics among adults in ontario, canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 108(3), e282-e287. https://doi.org/10.17269/CJPH.108.6130(https://doi.org/10.17269/CJPH.108.6130)
 
Hasin, D. S., Saha, T. D., Kerridge, B. T., Goldstein, R. B., Chou, S. P., Zhang, H., Jung, J., Pickering, R. P., Ruan, W. J., Smith, S. M., Huang, B., & Grant, B. F. (2015). Prevalence of marijuana use disorders in the united states between 2001-2002 and 2012-2013. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(12), 1235-1242. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1858(https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1858)
 
Holt. J. (2021, January 18). The pros and cons of using marijuana recreationally. Grow Diaries.  https://growdiaries.com/journal/the-pros-and-cons-of-using-cannabis-recreationally(https://growdiaries.com/journal/the-pros-and-cons-of-using-cannabis-recreationally)
 
Jones, K. A., Blagrove, M., & Parrott, A. C. (2009). Cannabis and ecstasy/mdma: Empirical measures of creativity in recreational users. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 41(4), 323-329. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2009.10399769(https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2009.10399769)
 
Joy, J. E., Watson, S. J., Benson, J. A., NetLibrary, I., Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Division of Neuroscience and Behavioral Health, & Institute of Medicine. (1999;2000;2005;). In Janet E. Joy, John A. Benson J. and Stanley J. Watson J.(Eds.), Marijuana and medicine: Assessing the science base. National Academy Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/6376(https://doi.org/10.17226/6376)
 
Kouri, E., Pope, H. G., Yurgelun-Todd, D., & Gruber, S. (1995). Attributes of heavy vs. occasional marijuana smokers in a college population. Biological Psychiatry (1969), 38(7), 475-481. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(94)00325-W(https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(94)00325-W)
 
Ksir, C., & Hart, C. L. (2016). Cannabis and psychosis: A critical overview of the relationship. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-015-0657-y(https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-015-0657-y)
 
Lachenmeier, D. W., & Rehm, J. (2015). Comparative risk assessment of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and other illicit drugs using the margin of exposure approach. Scientific Reports, 5(1), 8126. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08126(https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08126)
 
Liu, Q., Wu, Z., Liu, Y., Chen, L., Zhao, H., Guo, H., Zhu, K., Wang, W., Chen, S., Zhou, N.,Li, Y., & Shi, B. (2020). Cannabinoid receptor 2 activation decreases severity of cyclophosphamide‐ induced cystitis via regulating autophagy. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 39(1), 158-169. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.24205(https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.24205)
 
Long and short-term effects of cannabis. (2018, June 21). Portage. https://portage.ca/en/blog/long-and-short-term-effects-of-cannabis/(https://portage.ca/en/blog/long-and-short-term-effects-of-cannabis/)
 
MacCallum, C.A., & Russo, E. B. (2018). Practical considerations in medical cannabis administration and dosing. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 49, 12-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2018.01.004(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2018.01.004)
 
Mundell, E., J. (2020, March 18). One joint may cause psychotic symptoms: Study. A Family Pharmacy Apple Valley. https://www.afamilypharmacy.com/patient-resources/article/755848/one-joint-may-cause-(https://www.afamilypharmacy.com/patient-resources/article/755848/one-joint-may-cause-psychotic-symptoms-study)psychotic-symptoms-study(https://www.afamilypharmacy.com/patient-resources/article/755848/one-joint-may-cause-psychotic-symptoms-study)
 
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice; Committee on the Health Effects of Marijuana: An Evidence Review and Research Agenda. (2017). The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2017 Jan 12.  https://doi.org/10.17226/24625(https://doi.org/10.17226/24625)
 
Peki, W. (2021). 61 potential benefits of marijuana and its cannabinoids that are backed by scientific research. Herbonaut. https://www.herbonaut.com/benefits-of-marijuana/(https://www.herbonaut.com/benefits-of-marijuana/)
 
Ramo, D. E., Delucchi, K. L., Hall, S. M., Liu, H., & Prochaska, J. J. (2013). Marijuana and tobacco co-use in young adults: Patterns and thoughts about use. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 74(2), 301-310. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2013.74.301(https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2013.74.301)
 
Ramos Barreda, A., De Leon, K., & Urmas, S. (2018). A simple guide to pot, thc and how much is too much. LA Times. https://www.latimes.com/projects/la-me-weed-101-thc-calculator/(https://www.latimes.com/projects/la-me-weed-101-thc-calculator/)
 
Reiman, A. (2009). Cannabis as a substitute for alcohol and other drugs. Harm Reduction Journal, 6(1), 35-35. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-6-35(https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-6-35)
 
Rosenberg, E. C., Tsien, R. W., Whalley, B. J., & Devinsky, O. (2015). Cannabinoids and epilepsy. Neurotherapeutics, 12(4), 747-768. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-015-0375-5(https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-015-0375-5)
 
Rubinstein, M. L., Rait, M. A., & Prochaska, J. J. (2014). Frequent marijuana use is associated with greater nicotine addiction in adolescent smokers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 141, 159-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.05.015(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.05.015)
 
Szaflarski, Jerzy P., MD, PhD, & Devinsky, O. (2017). Cannabinoids and epilepsy —introduction. Epilepsy & Behavior, 70(Pt B), 277-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.01.015(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.01.015)
 
Wall, J., Davis, S., & Ridgway, S. (2001). Cannabis: Its therapeutic use. Nursing Standard, 16(10), 39-44. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns2001.11.16.10.39.c3123(https://doi.org/10.7748/ns2001.11.16.10.39.c3123)
 
Ware, M. A., Wang, T., Shapiro, S., Robinson, A., Ducruet,T., Huynh, T., Gamsa, A., Bennett, G. J., & Collet, J. (2010). Smoked cannabis for chronic neuropathic pain: A randomized controlled trial. Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ), 182(14), E694-E701. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.091414(https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.091414)
 
Watkins. M., (2020, August 17). Marijuana (weed, cannabis) overdose symptoms, signs & treatment. American Addictions Centers. https://drugabuse.com/drugs/marijuana/overdose/(https://drugabuse.com/drugs/marijuana/overdose/)
 
Webb, C. W., & Webb, S. M. (2014). Therapeutic benefits of cannabis: A patient survey.Hawai'i Journal of Medicine & Public Health, 73(4), 109-111. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24765558/(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24765558/)
 
Weckowicz, T. E. (1975). Effect of marijuana on divergent and convergent production cognitive tests. Journal of Abnormal Psychology (1965), 84(4), 386-398. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.84.4.386(https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.84.4.386)
 
World Health Organization. (2016). The health and social effects of nonmedical cannabis use. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/251056(https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/251056)

Question 3

Planning your consumption

Accepted Answer

Armstrong, M. J. (2018, October 16). Legal cannabis vs. black market: Can it compete? The Conversation. Retrieved February 1, 2020, from https://theconversation.com/legal-cannabis-vs-black-market-can-it-compete-104915.(https://theconversation.com/legal-cannabis-vs-black-market-can-it-compete-104915)
 
Ashton, C. H. (2001). Pharmacology and effects of cannabis: A brief review. British Journal of Psychiatry, 178(2), 101-106. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.178.2.101(https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.178.2.101)
 
Beirness, D. J., & Porath-Waller, A. J. (2019). Clearing the smoke on cannabis: Cannabis use and driving -an update. Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-10/CCSA-Cannabis-Use-Driving-Report-2019(https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-10/CCSA-Cannabis-Use-Driving-Report-2019-en_1.pdf)-en_1.pdf(https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-10/CCSA-Cannabis-Use-Driving-Report-2019-en_1.pdf)
 
Berghaus, G., & Guo, B.L. (1995). Medicines and driver fitness—findings from a meta-analysis of experimental studies as basic information to patients, physicians, and experts. Transportation Research Board. https://trid.trb.org/view/470158(https://trid.trb.org/view/470158)
 
Bjorge, P. (2020, March 4). Cannabis tinctures 101: How to make, consume, and dose them. Leafly.https://www.leafly.ca/news/cannabis-101/cannabis-tinctures-101-what-are-they-how-to-ma(https://www.leafly.ca/news/cannabis-101/cannabis-tinctures-101-what-are-they-how-to-m)ke-them-and-how-to(https://www.leafly.ca/news/cannabis-101/cannabis-tinctures-101-what-are-they-how-to-make-them-and-how-to)
 
Boone, S. (2021, April 16). Curious about the indica vs. sativa debate? Learn the real difference. Scary Mommy. https://www.scarymommy.com/indica-vs-sativa/#:~:text=Indica%20plants%20are%20short%20and%20stocky%20with%20broad,written%20records%20of%20their%20distinct%20genetics%20and%20evolution.(https://www.scarymommy.com/indica-vs-sativa/#:~:text=Indica%20plants%20are%20short%20and%20stocky%20with%20broad,written%20records%20of%20their%20distinct%20genetics%20and%20evolution)
 
Borodovsky, J. T., Crosier, B. S., Lee, D. C., Sargent, J. D., & Budney, A. J. (2016). Smoking, vaping, eating: Is legalization impacting the way people use cannabis? The International Journal of Drug Policy, 36, 141-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.02.022(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.02.022)
 
Boshkova, M., (2018). Why do people smoke weed? The top 12 reasons. Higher Mentality. https://www.highermentality.com/why-people-smoke-weed/(https://www.highermentality.com/why-people-smoke-weed/)
 
Capler, R. (2009). Why people use cannabis. Visions: BC’s Mental Health and Substance Use Journal, 5(4), 9. https://www.heretohelp.bc.ca/why-people-use-cannabis(https://www.heretohelp.bc.ca/why-people-use-cannabis)
 
Duvall, C., S, (2019). “Decriminalization doesn’t erase marijuana’s class and race problems.” Opposing viewpoints online collection, Gale, 2019. www.gale.com. Originally published as “Decriminalization doesn’t address marijuana’s standing as a drug of the poor,” The Conversation, 31 Mar. 2015. https://www.gale.com/open-access/marijuana(https://www.gale.com/open-access/marijuana)
 
Fataar, F., Goodman, S., Wadsworth, E., & Hammond, D. (2021). Consumer perceptions of ‘legal’ and ‘illegal’ cannabis in us states with legal cannabis sales. Addictive Behaviors, 112, 106563-106563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106563(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106563)
 
Franciosi, A. (2017). THC patch: The ultimate guide to thc transdermal patches. Honest Marijuana. https://honestmarijuana.com/thc-patch/(https://honestmarijuana.com/thc-patch/)
 
Fraser, G., A., (2009). The use of a synthetic cannabinoid in the management of treatment-resistant nightmares in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 15(1), 84-88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-5949.2008.00071.x(https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-5949.2008.00071.x)
 
Gilbert, A. N., & DiVerdi, J. A. (2018). Consumer perceptions of strain differences in cannabis aroma. PloS One, 13(2), e0192247-e0192247. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192247(https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192247)
 
Government of Canada. (2019). What you need to know before you choose to consume cannabis. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/resources/wH(https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/resources/what-you-need-to-know-if-you-choose-to-consume-cannabis.html)at-you-need-to-know-if-you-choose-to-consume-cannabis.html(https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/resources/what-you-need-to-know-if-you-choose-to-consume-cannabis.html)
 
Government of Canada. (2020). Canadian Cannabis Survey 2020: Summary. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/research-data(https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/research-data/canadian-cannabis-survey-2020-summary.html#a2)/canadian-cannabis-survey-2020-summary.html#a2(https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/research-data/canadian-cannabis-survey-2020-summary.html#a2)
 
Government of Canada. (2020). What you need to know about cannabis. https://www.canada.ca/en/services/health/campaigns/cannabis/canadians.html#a7(https://www.canada.ca/en/services/health/campaigns/cannabis/canadians.html#a7)
 
Government of Ontario. (2021). Cannabis and driving. Learn about the laws and penalties, and how cannabis affects your driving. https://www.ontario.ca/page/cannabis-and-driving(https://www.ontario.ca/page/cannabis-and-driving)
 
Hartman, R. L., Brown, T. L., Milavetz, G., Spurgin, A., Pierce, R. S., Gorelick, D. A., Gaffney, G., & Huestis, M. A. (2015). Cannabis effects on driving lateral control with and without alcohol. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 154, 25-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.06.015(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.06.015)
 
Hartman, R. L., & Huestis, M. A. (2013). Cannabis effects on driving skills. Clinical Chemistry (Baltimore, Md.), 59(3), 478-492. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2012.194381(https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2012.194381)
 
Hartogsohn, I. (2017). Constructing drug effects: A history of set and setting. Drug Science, Policy and Law. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324516683325(https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324516683325)
 
Holland, K. (2021). Sativa vs. indica: What to expect across cannabis types and strains. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/sativa-vs-indica(https://www.healthline.com/health/sativa-vs-indica)
 
Huestis, M. A. (2007). Human cannabinoid pharmacokinetics. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 4(8), 1770- 1804. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200790152(https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200790152)
 
Legal vs. illegal: Inside canada’s marketplace. (2020). Responsible Cannabis Use. https://thercu.org/blogs/blog/legal-vs-illegal-inside-canada-s-cannabis-marketplace(https://thercu.org/blogs/blog/legal-vs-illegal-inside-canada-s-cannabis-marketplace)
 
Livingston, L., (2018). 6 uses for indica cannabis strains. Buy My Weed Online. https://buymyweedonline.com/marijuana/6-uses-for-indica/(https://buymyweedonline.com/marijuana/6-uses-for-indica/)
 
MADD. (n.d.). Cannabis and driving. https://madd.ca/pages/impaired-driving/overview/cannabis-and-driving/(https://madd.ca/pages/impaired-driving/overview/cannabis-and-driving/)
 
Martin, T. L., Solbeck, P. A. M., Mayers, D. J., Langille, R. M., Buczek, Y., & Pelletier, M. R. (2013). A review of alcohol-impaired driving: The role of blood alcohol concentration and complexity of the driving task. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 58(5), 1238-1250. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12227(https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12227)
 
McPartland, J. M., & Small, E. (2020). A classification of endangered high-thc cannabis (cannabis sativa subsp. indica) domesticates and their wild relatives. Phytokeys, 144(2), 81-112. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.144.46700(https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.144.46700)
 
Moore, T. R. (2002). A primer of drug action: A concise nontechnical guide to the actions, uses, and side effects of psychoactive drugs, ninth edition. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 59(11), 1130-1131. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/59.11.1130a(https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/59.11.1130a)
 
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice; Committee on the Health Effects of Marijuana: An Evidence Review and Research Agenda. (2017). The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2017 Jan 12. https://doi.org/10.17226/24625(https://doi.org/10.17226/24625)
 
Parnes, J. E., Bravo, A. J., Conner, B. T., & Pearson, M. R. (2018). A burning problem:Cannabis lessons learned from Colorado. Addiction Research & Theory, 26(1), 3-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2017.1315410(https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2017.1315410)
 
Ramaekers, J. G., Robbe, H. W. J., & O'Hanlon, J. F. (2000). Marijuana, alcohol and actual driving performance. Human Psychopharmacology, 15(7), 551-558. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1077(200010)15:7<551::AID-HUP236>3.0.CO;2-P(https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1077(200010)15:7%3C551::AID-HUP236%3E3.0.CO;2-P)
 
Rosado, J., (2019). Cannabis hybrids. Marijuana Doctors. https://www.marijuanadoctors.com/resources/cannabis-hybrids/(https://www.marijuanadoctors.com/resources/cannabis-hybrids/)
 
Rotermann, M. (2019). National cannabis survey 2nd quarter. Statistics Canada. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/11-627-M2019057(https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/11-627-M2019057)
 
Safe Cannabis Guide. (n.d.). Methods of cannabis consumption. https://www.safecannabisuse.com/dosing/(https://www.safecannabisuse.com/dosing/)
 
Society for the Study of Ingestive Behavior. (2018, July 17). How cannabis affects appetite: brain changes. ScienceDaily. Retrieved June 27, 2021 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/07/180717094747.htm(http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/07/180717094747.htm)
 
Statistics Canada. (2019, October 30). National cannabis survey, third quarter 2019. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/191030/dq191030a-eng.htm(https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/191030/dq191030a-eng.htm)
 
The Cannabis Advisory. (n.d.). How soon after using cannabis can you drive?  https://www.thecannabisadvisory.com/cannabis-news/after-using-cannabis-can-drive/(https://www.thecannabisadvisory.com/cannabis-news/after-using-cannabis-can-drive/)
 
Tringale, R., & Jensen, C. (2011). Cannabis and insomnia. http://files7.webydo.com/92/9209805/UploadedFiles/5E9EC245-448E-17B2-C7CA-21C6(http://files7.webydo.com/92/9209805/UploadedFiles/5E9EC245-448E-17B2-C7CA-21C6BDC6852D.pdf)BDC6852D.pdf(http://files7.webydo.com/92/9209805/UploadedFiles/5E9EC245-448E-17B2-C7CA-21C6BDC6852D.pdf)
 
Vincent, P. C., Collins, R. L., Liu, L., Yu, J., De Leo, J. A., & Earleywine, M. (2017). Theeffects of perceived quality on behavioral economic demand for marijuana: A web-based experiment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 170, 174-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.013(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.013)
 
Volkow, N. (2015). The biology and potential therapeutic effects of cannabidiol. National Institute on Drug Abuse. https://archives.drugabuse.gov/testimonies/2015/biology-potential-therapeutic-effects-cann(https://archives.drugabuse.gov/testimonies/2015/biology-potential-therapeutic-effects-cannabidiol#:~:text=CBD%20has%20shown%20therapeutic%20efficacy,measures%20of%20stress%20and%20anxiety.&text=In%20addition%2C%20CBD%20has%20shown,human%20laboratory%20and%20clinical%20trials)abidiol#:~:text=CBD%20has%20shown%20therapeutic%20efficacy,measures%20of%20(https://archives.drugabuse.gov/testimonies/2015/biology-potential-therapeutic-effects-cannabidiol#:~:text=CBD%20has%20shown%20therapeutic%20efficacy,measures%20of%20stress%20and%20anxiety.&text=In%20addition%2C%20CBD%20has%20shown,human%20laboratory%20and%20clinical%20trials)stress%20and%20anxiety.&text=In%20addition%2C%20CBD%20has%20shown,human(https://archives.drugabuse.gov/testimonies/2015/biology-potential-therapeutic-effects-cannabidiol#:~:text=CBD%20has%20shown%20therapeutic%20efficacy,measures%20of%20stress%20and%20anxiety.&text=In%20addition%2C%20CBD%20has%20shown,human%20laboratory%20and%20clinical%20trials)%20laboratory%20and%20clinical%20trials.(https://archives.drugabuse.gov/testimonies/2015/biology-potential-therapeutic-effects-cannabidiol#:~:text=CBD%20has%20shown%20therapeutic%20efficacy,measures%20of%20stress%20and%20anxiety.&text=In%20addition%2C%20CBD%20has%20shown,human%20laboratory%20and%20clinical%20trials)
 
White, J, (n.d.). Cannabis Sativa - What is Cannabis Sativa? A guide to sativa marijuana strains, their effects and medical uses, and how they work. CNBS. https://www.cnbs.org/cannabis-types/cannabis-sativa/(https://www.cnbs.org/cannabis-types/cannabis-sativa/)

Question 4

Ways to consume cannabis

Accepted Answer

Abdallah, S. J., Smith, B. M., Ware, M. A., Moore, M., Li, P. Z., Bourbeau, J., & Jensen, D. (2018). Effect of vaporized cannabis on exertional breathlessness and exercise endurance in advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomized controlled trial. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 15(10), 1146-1158. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201803-198OC(https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201803-198OC)
 
Agrawal, A., Budney, A. J., & Lynskey, M. T. (2012). The co-occurring use and misuse of cannabis and tobacco: A review. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 107(7), 1221-1233. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03837.x(https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03837.x)
 
Allen, J. A., Davis, K. C., Duke, J. C., Nonnemaker, J. M., Bradfield, B. R., & Farrelly, M. C. (2017). New product trial, use of edibles, and unexpected highs among marijuana and hashish users in colorado. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 176, 44-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.006(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.006)
 
Al-Zouabi, I., Stogner, J. M., Miller, B. L., & Lane, E. S. (2018). Butane hash oil and dabbing: insights into use, amateur production techniques, and potential harm mitigation. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation, 9, 91–101. https://doi.org/10.2147/SAR.S135252(https://doi.org/10.2147/SAR.S135252)
 
Anderson, R. P., & Zechar, K. (2019). Lung injury from inhaling butane hash oil mimics pneumonia. Respiratory Medicine Case Reports, 26, 171-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmcr.2019.01.002(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmcr.2019.01.002)
 
Baron, E. P. (2015). Comprehensive review of medicinal marijuana, cannabinoids, and therapeutic implications in medicine and headache: What a long strange trip it's been. Headache, 55(6), 885-916. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.12570(https://doi.org/10.1111/head.12570)
 
Blake, A., & Nahtigal, I. (2019). The evolving landscape of cannabis edibles. Current Opinion in Food Science, 28, 25-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2019.03.009(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2019.03.009)
 
Calapai, F., Cardia, L., Sorbara, E. E., Navarra, M., Gangemi, S., Calapai, G., & Mannucci, C. (2020). Cannabinoids, Blood-Brain Barrier, and Brain Disposition. Pharmaceutics, 12(3), 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12030265(https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12030265)
 
Cannabis-based medicines -Gw pharmaceuticals: High cbd, high thc, medicinal cannabis -Gw pharmaceuticals, thc:cbd. (2003). Drugs in R&D, 4(5), 306-309. https://doi.org/10.2165/00126839-200304050-00005(https://doi.org/10.2165/00126839-200304050-00005)
 
Chelliah, M. P., Zinn, Z., Khuu, P., & Teng, J. M. (2018). Self‐initiated use of topical cannabidiol oil for epidermolysis bullosa. Pediatric Dermatology, 35(4), e224-e227. https://doi.org/10.1111/pde.13545(https://doi.org/10.1111/pde.13545)
 
Cinnamon Bidwell, L., YorkWilliams, S. L., Mueller, R. L., Bryan, A. D., & Hutchison, K. E. (2018). Exploring cannabis concentrates on the legal market: User profiles, product strength, and health-related outcomes. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 8, 102-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2018.08.004(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2018.08.004)
 
Cozzi, N. V. (1993). Effects of water filtration on marijuana smoke: A literature review. MAPS Bull, 4(2), 4-6. https://maps.org/news/bulletin/effects-of-water-filtration-on-marijuana-smoke/(https://maps.org/news/bulletin/effects-of-water-filtration-on-marijuana-smoke/)
 
Craft, S., Winstock, A., Ferris, J., Mackie, C., Lynskey, M. T., & Freeman, T. P. (2020;2019;). Characterising heterogeneity in the use of different cannabis products: Latent class analysis with 55 000 people who use cannabis and associations with severity of cannabis dependence. Psychological Medicine, 50(14), 2364-2373. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291719002460(https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291719002460)
 
Earleywine, M., & Barnwell, S. S. (2007). Decreased respiratory symptoms in cannabis users who vaporize. Harm Reduction Journal, 4(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-4-11(https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-4-11)
 
Gaffal, E., Cron, M., Glodde, N., & Tüting, T. (2013). Anti‐inflammatory activity of topical thc in dnfb‐mediated mouse allergic contact dermatitis independent of cb1 and cb2 receptors. Allergy, 68(8), 994-1000. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12183(https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12183)
 
Gates, P., Jaffe, A., & Copeland, J. (2014). Cannabis smoking and respiratory health: Consideration of the literature. Respirology (Carlton, Vic.), 19(5), 655-662. https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.12298(https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.12298)
 
Gieringer, D. (1996). Marijuana water pipe and vaporizer study. MAPS Bull, 6(3), 59-66. https://maps.org/news-letters/v06n3/06359mj1.html(https://maps.org/news-letters/v06n3/06359mj1.html)
 
Gieringer, D. H. (2001). Cannabis "vaporization": A promising strategy for smoke harm reduction. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics, 1(3-4), 153-170. https://doi.org/10.1300/J175v01n03_10(https://doi.org/10.1300/J175v01n03_10)
 
Government of Canada. (2019). Canadian cannabis survey 2019 –Summary.https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/drugs-health-products/canad(https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/drugs-health-products/canadian-cannabis-survey-2019-summary.html)ian-cannabis-survey-2019-summary.html(https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/drugs-health-products/canadian-cannabis-survey-2019-summary.html)
 
Government of Canada. (2019). Final regulations: Edible cannabis, cannabis extracts, cannabis topicals. https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/hc-sc/documents/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/(https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/hc-sc/documents/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/resources/final-regulations-edible-cannabis-extracts-topical-eng.pdf)resources/final-regulations-edible-cannabis-extracts-topical-eng.pdf(https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/hc-sc/documents/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/resources/final-regulations-edible-cannabis-extracts-topical-eng.pdf)
 
Government of Canada. (2020). Canadian cannabis survey 2020: Summary. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/research-data(https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/research-data/canadian-cannabis-survey-2020-summary.html#a2)/canadian-cannabis-survey-2020-summary.html#a2(https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/research-data/canadian-cannabis-survey-2020-summary.html#a2)
 
Government of Canada. (2021, February 3). Cannabis legalization and regulation. https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/cj-jp/cannabis/(https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/cj-jp/cannabis/)
 
Grof, C. P. L. (2018). Cannabis, from plant to pill. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 84(11), 2463-2467. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13618(https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13618)
 
Grotenhermen, F. (2001). Harm reduction associated with inhalation and oral administration of cannabis and thc. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics, 1(3-4), 133-152. https://doi.org/10.1300/J175v01n03_09(https://doi.org/10.1300/J175v01n03_09)
 
Grotenhermen, F. (2003). Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 42(4), 327-360. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200342040-00003(https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200342040-00003)
 
Grotenhermen, F., Russo, E., & Zuardi, A. W. (2017). Even high doses of oral cannabidiol do not cause thc-like effects in humans: Comment on merrick et al. cannabis and cannabinoid research 2016; 1 (1): 102–112; DOI: 10.1089/can. 2015.0004. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 2(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2016.0036(https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2016.0036)
 
Guy, G. W., Flint, M. E., Robson, P. J., & Whittle, B. A. (2000). A phase one study of sublingual cannabis-based medicine extract. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology,52(9; SUPP/1), 294-294. https://eurekamag.com/research/034/314/034314323.php(https://eurekamag.com/research/034/314/034314323.php)
 
Guy, R. H. (1996). Current status and future prospects of transdermal drug delivery. Pharmaceutical Research, 13(12), 1765-1769. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1016060403438(https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1016060403438)
 
GW Pharmaceuticals. (2012). Sativex Product Monograph, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK. https://pdf.hres.ca/dpd_pm/00016162.PDF(https://pdf.hres.ca/dpd_pm/00016162.PDF)
 
Hakkarainen, P. (2016). Vaporizing the pot world –easy, healthy, and cool. Drugs and Alcohol Today, 16(3), 185-193. https://doi.org/10.1108/DAT-10-2015-0062(https://doi.org/10.1108/DAT-10-2015-0062)
 
Hancox, R. J., Poulton, R., Ely, M., Welch, D., Taylor, D. R., McLachlan, C. R., Greene, J. M., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., & Sears, M. R. (2010). Effects of cannabis on lung function: a population-based cohort study. The European Respiratory Journal, 35(1), 42–47. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00065009(https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00065009)
 
Happyana, N., Agnolet, S., Muntendam, R., Van Dam, A., Schneider, B., & Kayser, O. (2013). Analysis of cannabinoids in laser-microdissected trichomes of medicinal cannabis sativa using lcms and cryogenic nmr. Phytochemistry (Oxford), 87, 51-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.11.001(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.11.001)
 
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Hawley, D., Graham, T., Stasiak, M., & Dixon, M. (2018). Improving cannabis bud quality and yield with subcanopy lighting. Hortscience, 53(11), 1593-1599. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI13173-18(https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI13173-18)
 
Hazekamp, A., Ruhaak, R., Zuurman, L., van Gerven, J., & Verpoorte, R. (2006). Evaluation of a vaporizing device (volcano®) for the pulmonary administration of tetrahydrocannabinol. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 95(6), 1308-1317. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.20574(https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.20574)
 
He, T., Oks, M., Esposito, M., Steinberg, H., & Makaryus, M. (2017). “Tree-in-bloom”: Severe acute lung injury induced by vaping cannabis oil. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201612-974LE(https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201612-974LE)
 
Hess, C., Krämer, M., & Madea, B. (2017). Topical application of thc containing products is not able to cause positive cannabinoid finding in blood or urine. Forensic Science International, 272, 68-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.01.008(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.01.008)
 
Hosseini, A.,McLachlan, A. J., & Lickliter, J. D. (2021). A phase I trial of the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol administered as single‐dose oil solution and single and multiple doses of a sublingual wafer in healthy volunteers. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 87(4), 2070-2077. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.14617(https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.14617)
 
Howie, N., Trigkas, T., Cruchley, A., Wertz, P., Squier, C., & Williams, D. (2001). Short-term exposure to alcohol increases the permeability of human oral mucosa. Oral Diseases, 7(6), 349-354. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1601-0825.2001.00731.x(https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1601-0825.2001.00731.x)
 
Huestis M. A. (2007). Human cannabinoid pharmacokinetics. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 4(8), 1770–1804. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200790152(https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200790152)
 
Jackson, D. K. & Hyatt, K. (2013). Silicone and hyaluronic acid (hla) delivery systems for products by sustainable processes for medical uses including wound management. (US Patent No. US2013/0184354 A1). https://patents.google.com/patent/US20130184354A1/en(https://patents.google.com/patent/US20130184354A1/en)
 
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Johnson, J. R., Lossignol, D., Burnell-Nugent, M., & Fallon, M. T. (2013). An open-label extension study to investigate the long-term safety and tolerability of thc/cbd oromucosal spray and oromucosal thc spray in patients with terminal cancer-related pain refractory to strong opioid analgesics. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 46(2), 207-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2012.07.014(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2012.07.014)
 
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Klumpers, L. E., Beumer, T. L., van Hasselt, J. G., Lipplaa, A., Karger, L. B., Kleinloog, H.D., Freijer, J. I., de Kam, M. L., & van Gerven, J. M. (2012). Novel Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol formulation Namisol® has beneficial pharmacokinetics and promising pharmacodynamic effects. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 74(1), 42-53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04164.x(https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04164.x)
 
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Question 5

Ways to reduce harm

Accepted Answer

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Batalla, A., Bhattacharyya, S., Yuecel, M., Fusar-Poli, P., Crippa, J. A., Nogue, S., Torrens, M., Pujol, J., Farre, M., & Martin-Santos, R. (2013). Structural and functional imaging studies in chronic cannabis users: A systematic review of adolescent and adult findings. PloS One, 8(2), e55821. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055821(https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055821)
 
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Blake, A., & Nahtigal, I. (2019). The evolving landscape of cannabis edibles. Current Opinion in Food Science, 28, 25-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2019.03.009(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2019.03.009)
 
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D'Souza, D. C., Perry, E., MacDougall, L., Ammerman, Y., Cooper, T., Braley, G., Gueorguieva, R., & Krystal, J. H. (2004). The psychotomimetic effects of intravenous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy individuals: implications for psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology, 29(8), 1558-1572. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300496(https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300496)
 
D’Souza, D. C., Sewell, R. A., & Ranganathan, M. (2009). Cannabis and psychosis/schizophrenia: Human studies. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 259(7), 413-431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-009-0024-2(https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-009-0024-2)
 
Earleywine, M., & Barnwell, S. S. (2007). Decreased respiratory symptoms in cannabis users who vaporize. Harm Reduction Journal, 4(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-4-11(https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-4-11)
 
Einstein, S. (2007). Harm and risk reduction: History, theories, issues, and implications. Substance Use & Misuse, 42(2-3), 257-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826080601141990(https://doi.org/10.1080/10826080601141990)
 
Fischer, B., Russell, C., Sabioni, P., Van Den Brink, W., Le Foll, B., Hall, W., Rehm, J. & Room, R. (2017). Lower-risk cannabis use guidelines: A comprehensive update of evidence and recommendations. American Journal of Public Health, 107(8), e1-e12. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303818(https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303818)
 
Fontes, M. A., Bolla, K. I., Cunha, P. J., Almeida, P. P., Jungerman, F., Laranjeira, R. R., Bressan, R. A., & Lacerda, A. L. (2011). Cannabis use before age 15 and subsequent executive functioning. The British Journal of Psychiatry : The Journal of Mental Science, 198(6), 442–447. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.077479(https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.077479)
 
Freeman, T. P., & Winstock, A. R. (2015). Examining the profile of high-potency cannabis and its association with severity of cannabis dependence. Psychological Medicine, 45(15), 3181-3189. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001178(https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001178)
 
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Government of Canada. (2019). Cannabis: Lower your risks. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/resources/loW(https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/resources/lower-your-risks.html)er-your-risks.html(https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/resources/lower-your-risks.html)
 
Government of Canada. (2021). Don’t drive high. https://www.canada.ca/en/campaign/don-t-drive-high.html(https://www.canada.ca/en/campaign/don-t-drive-high.html)
 
Gray, T. R., Eiden, R. D., Leonard, K. E., Connors, G. J., Shisler, S., & Huestis, M. A. (2010). Identifying prenatal cannabis exposure and effects of concurrent tobacco exposure on neonatal growth. Clinical Chemistry, 56(9), 1442–1450. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2010.147876(https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2010.147876)
 
Grotenhermen, F. (2003). Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 42(4), 327-360. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200342040-00003(https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200342040-00003)
 
Hall, W., & Degenhardt, L. (2008). Cannabis use and the risk of developing a psychotic disorder. World Psychiatry, 7(2), 68-71. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2051-5545.2008.tb00158.x(https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2051-5545.2008.tb00158.x)
 
Hartman, R. L., & Huestis, M. A. (2013). Cannabis effects on driving skills. Clinical Chemistry, 59(3), 478–492. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2012.194381(https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2012.194381)
 
Hartogsohn, I. (2017). Constructing drug effects: A history of set and setting. Drug Science, Policy and Law, 3. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324516683325(https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324516683325)
 
Hawk, M., Coulter, R.W. S., Egan, J. E., Fisk, S., Reuel Friedman, M., Tula, M., & Kinsky, S. (2017). Harm reduction principles for healthcare settings. Harm Reduction Journal, 14(1), 70. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-017-0196-4(https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-017-0196-4)
 
Hawke, L. D., Wilkins, L., & Henderson, J. (2020). Early cannabis initiation: Substance use and mental health profiles of service-seeking youth. Journal of Adolescence, 83, 112–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.06.004(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.06.004)
 
Hazekamp, A., Ruhaak, R., Zuurman, L., van Gerven, J., & Verpoorte, R. (2006). Evaluation of a vaporizing device (Volcano®) for the pulmonary administration of tetrahydrocannabinol. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 95(6), 1308-1317. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.20574(https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.20574)
 
Hines, L. A., Freeman, T. P., Gage, S. H., Zammit, S., Hickman, M., Cannon, M., Munafo, M., MacLeod, J., & Heron, J. (2020). Association of high-potency cannabis use with mental health and substance use in adolescence. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(10), 1044-1051. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.1035(https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.1035)
 
Hosseini, S., & Oremus, M. (2019). The effect of age of initiation of cannabis use on psychosis, depression, and anxiety among youth under 25 years. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 64(5), 304-312. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743718809339(https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743718809339)
 
Hurd, Y. L., Manzoni, O. J.,Pletnikov, M. V., Lee, F. S., Bhattacharyya, S., & Melis, M. (2019). Cannabis and the developing brain: Insights into its long-lasting effects. Journal of Neuroscience, 39(42), 8250-8258. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1165-19.2019(https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1165-19.2019)
 
Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Assess the Science Base for Tobacco Harm Reduction, Stratton, K., Shetty, W., Wallace, R., Bondurant, S. (Eds.). (2001). Clearing the smoke: Assessing the science base for tobacco harm reduction. National Academies Press (US). https://doi.org/10.17226/10029(https://doi.org/10.17226/10029)
 
Koskinen, J., Lohonen, J., Koponen, H., Isohanni, M., & Miettunen, J. (2010). Rate of cannabis use disorders in clinical samples of patients with schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36(6), 1115-1130. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbp031(https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbp031)
 
Lau, N., Sales, P., Averill, S., Murphy, F., Sato, S. O., & Murphy, S. (2015). Responsible and controlled use: Older cannabis users and harm reduction. International Journal of Drug Policy, 26(8), 709-718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.03.008(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.03.008)
 
Lev-Ran, S., Roerecke, M., Le Foll, B., George, T. P., McKenzie, K., & Rehm, J. (2014). The association between cannabis use and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Medicine, 44(4), 797–810. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291713001438(https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291713001438)
 
Li, M. C., Brady, J. E., DiMaggio, C. J., Lusardi, A. R., Tzong, K. Y., & Li, G. (2012). Marijuana use and motor vehicle crashes. Epidemiologic Reviews, 34(1), 65-72. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxr017(https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxr017)
 
Looby, A., & Earleywine, M. (2007). Negative consequences associated with dependence in daily cannabis users. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 2(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-597X-2-3(https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-597X-2-3)
 
MacCallum, C. A., & Russo, E. B. (2018). Practical considerations in medical cannabis administration and dosing. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 49, 12-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2018.01.004(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2018.01.004)
 
MacMaster, S. A. (2004). Harm reduction: A new perspective on substance abuse services. Social Work, 49(3), 356-363. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/49.3.353(https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/49.3.353)
 
Marconi, A., Di Forti, M., Lewis, C. M., Murray, R. M., & Vassos, E. (2016). Meta-analysis of the association between the level of cannabis use and risk of psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 42(5), 1262-1269. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbw003(https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbw003)
 
Marlatt, G. A. (1996). Harm reduction: Come as you are. Addictive Behaviors, 21(6), 779-788. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4603(96)00042-1(https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4603(96)00042-1)
 
Moore, T. H., Zammit, S., Lingford-Hughes, A., Barnes, T. R., Jones, P. B., Burke, M., & Lewis, G. (2007). Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: A systematic review. Lancet (London, England), 370(9584), 319–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61162-3(https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61162-3)
 
Nickel J. C. (2018). Medical marijuana for urologic chronic pelvic pain. Canadian Urological Association Journal, 12(6 Suppl 3), S181–S183. https://doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.5331(https://doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.5331)
 
Noack, R., Höfler, M., & Lüken, U. (2011). Cannabis use patterns and their association with dsm-iv cannabis dependence and gender. European Addiction Research, 17(6), 321-328. https://doi.org/10.1159/000333338(https://doi.org/10.1159/000333338)
 
Patton, G. C., Coffey, C., Carlin, J. B., Degenhardt, L., Lynskey, M., & Hall, W. (2002). Cannabis use and mental health in young people: Cohort study. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 325(7374), 1195–1198. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7374.1195(https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7374.1195)
 
Pope Jr, H. G., Gruber, A. J., Hudson, J. I., Cohane, G., Huestis, M. A., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. (2003). Early-onset cannabis use and cognitive deficits: what is the nature of the association? Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 69(3), 303-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0376-8716(02)00334-4(https://doi.org/10.1016/s0376-8716(02)00334-4)
 
Rogeberg, O., & Elvik, R. (2016). The effects of cannabis intoxication on motor vehicle collision revisited and revised. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 111(8), 1348–1359. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13347(https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13347)
 
Ruiz-Veguilla, M., Barrigón, M. L., Hernández, L., Rubio, J. L., Gurpegui, M., Sarramea, F., Cervilla, J., Gutiérrez, B., James, A., & Ferrin, M. (2013). Dose–response effect between cannabis use and psychosis liability in a non-clinical population: Evidence from a snowball sample. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47(8), 1036-1043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.03.003(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.03.003)
 
Schlag, A. K., Hindocha, C., Zafar, R., Nutt, D. J.,  & Curran, H. V. (2021). Cannabis based medicines and cannabis dependence: A critical review of issues and evidence. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 35(7), 773-785. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120986393(https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120986393)
 
Schlossarek, S., Kempkensteffen, J., Reimer, J., & Verthein, U. (2016). Psychosocial determinants of cannabis dependence: A systematic review of the literature. European Addiction Research, 22(3), 131-144. https://doi.org/10.1159/000441777(https://doi.org/10.1159/000441777)
 
Schreiber, S., & Pick, C. G. (2019). Cannabis use during pregnancy: Are we at the verge of defining a “fetal cannabis spectrum disorder”? Medical hypotheses, 124, 53-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2019.02.017(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2019.02.017)
 
Shewan, D., Dalgarno, P., & Reith, G. (2000). Perceived risk and risk reduction among ecstasy users: the role of drug, set, and setting. International Journal of Drug Policy, 10(6), 431-453. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-3959(99)00038-9(https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-3959(99)00038-9)
 
Solomon, C. S., Solomon, G. D., & Elliott, W. (2020). The abcs of cbd: The fundamentals of cannabidiol. Primary Care Reports, 26(8). https://www.reliasmedia.com/articles/146607-the-abcs-of-cbd-the-fundamentals-of-cannaB(https://www.reliasmedia.com/articles/146607-the-abcs-of-cbd-the-fundamentals-of-cannabidiol)idiol(https://www.reliasmedia.com/articles/146607-the-abcs-of-cbd-the-fundamentals-of-cannabidiol)
 
Stöver, H., & Kastelic, A. (2014). 14. Drug treatment and harm reduction in prisons. Prisons and Health, 113-133. https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/249203/Prisons-and-Health,-14-Dru(https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/249203/Prisons-and-Health,-14-Drug-treatment-and-harm-reduction-in-prisons.pdf)g-treatment-and-harm-reduction-in-prisons.pdf(https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/249203/Prisons-and-Health,-14-Drug-treatment-and-harm-reduction-in-prisons.pdf)
 
Swift, J., Copeland, S., Lenton, W. (2000). Cannabis and harm reduction. Drug and Alcohol Review, 19(1), 101-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230096200(https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230096200)
 
Swift, W., Coffey, C., Carlin, J. B., Degenhardt, L., & Patton, G. C. (2008). Adolescent cannabis users at 24 years: Trajectories to regular weekly use and dependence in young adulthood. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 103(8), 1361-1370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02246.x(https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02246.x)
 
Tabchi, S., & Ghosn, M. (2015). Regorafenib: start low and go slow. Targeted Oncology, 10(3), 445-447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11523-014-0352-7(https://doi.org/10.1007/s11523-014-0352-7)
 
Tashkin, D. P., Gliederer, F., Rose, J., Change, P., Hui, K. K., Yu, J. L., & Wu, T. C. (1991). Effects of varying marijuana smoking profile on deposition of tar and absorption of co and delta-9-thc. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 40(3), 651–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(91)90377-e(https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(91)90377-e)
 
Van Dam, N. T., & Earleywine, M. (2010). Pulmonary function in cannabis users: Support for a clinical trial of the vaporizer. International Journal of Drug Policy, 21(6), 511-513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2010.04.001(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2010.04.001)
 
Willford, J. A., Chandler, L. S., Goldschmidt, L., & Day, N. L. (2010). Effects of prenatal tobacco, alcohol and marijuana exposure on processing speed, visual-motor coordination, and interhemispheric transfer. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 32(6), 580–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2010.06.004(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2010.06.004)
 
Winters, K. C., & Lee, C. S. (2007;2008;). Likelihood of developing an alcohol and cannabis use disorder during youth: Association with recent use and age. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 92(1), 239-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.08.005(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.08.005)
 
Zacny, J. P., & Chait, L. D. (1989). Breathhold duration and response to marijuana smoke. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 33(2), 481–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(89)90534-0(https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(89)90534-0)
 
Zacny, J. P., & Chait, L. D. (1991). Response to marijuana as a function of potency and breathhold duration. Psychopharmacology, 103(2), 223-226. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02244207(https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02244207)
 
Zinberg, N. E. (1984). Drug, set, and setting: The basis for controlled intoxicant use. Yale University Press.

Question 6

Importance of set and setting

Accepted Answer

Browne, J. (2016). How to smoke weed for maximum enjoyment: Tips for first-timers. The Cannabist. https://www.thecannabist.co/2016/10/07/how-to-smoke-weed-tips-enjoying-first-high/603(https://www.thecannabist.co/2016/10/07/how-to-smoke-weed-tips-enjoying-first-high/60322/)22/(https://www.thecannabist.co/2016/10/07/how-to-smoke-weed-tips-enjoying-first-high/60322/)
 
Dalgarno, P., & Shewan, D. (2005). Reducing the risks of drug use: The case for set and setting. Addiction Research & Theory, 13(3), 259-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066350500053562(https://doi.org/10.1080/16066350500053562)
 
Fagan, J. (1993). Set and setting revisited: Influences of alcohol and illicit drugs on the social context of violent events. Alcohol and Interpersonal Violence: Fostering Multidisciplinary Perspectives, 93, 161-191. https://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ZYNHAAAAMAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA161&(https://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ZYNHAAAAMAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA161&ots=hP-mvJ4t5B&sig=ghOAlNSJ5c-515ohlb9ogd7XVxY&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false)ots=hP-mvJ4t5B&sig=ghOAlNSJ5c-515ohlb9ogd7XVxY&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&(https://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ZYNHAAAAMAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA161&ots=hP-mvJ4t5B&sig=ghOAlNSJ5c-515ohlb9ogd7XVxY&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false)f=false(https://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ZYNHAAAAMAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA161&ots=hP-mvJ4t5B&sig=ghOAlNSJ5c-515ohlb9ogd7XVxY&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false)
 
Goulding, C., Shankar, A., Elliott, R., & Canniford, R. (2009). The marketplace management of illicit pleasure. Journal of Consumer Research, 35(5), 759-771. https://doi.org/10.1086/592946(https://doi.org/10.1086/592946)
 
Haijen, E. C., Kaelen, M., Roseman, L., Timmermann, C., Kettner, H., Russ, S., Nutt, D., Daws, R. E., Hampshire, A. D. G., Lorenz, R.,  & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2018). Predicting responses to psychedelics: A prospective study. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9, 897. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00897(https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00897)
 
Hartogsohn, I. (2017). Constructing drug effects: A history of set and setting. Drug Science, Policy and Law. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324516683325(https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324516683325)
 
Janikian, M. (2020). Why don’t we talk about “Set and setting” when it comes to cannabis? Merry Jane. https://merryjane.com/culture/why-dont-we-talk-about-set-and-setting-when-it-comes-to-c(https://merryjane.com/culture/why-dont-we-talk-about-set-and-setting-when-it-comes-to-cannabis)annabis(https://merryjane.com/culture/why-dont-we-talk-about-set-and-setting-when-it-comes-to-cannabis)
 
Lau, N., Sales, P., Averill, S., Murphy, F., Sato, S., & Murphy, S. (2015a). A safer alternative: Cannabis substitution as harm reduction. Drug and Alcohol Review, 34(6), 654-659. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12275 (https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12275)
 
Lau, N., Sales, P., Averill, S., Murphy, F., Sato, S., & Murphy, S. (2015b). Responsible and controlled use: Older cannabis users and harm reduction. The International Journal of Drug Policy, 26(8), 709-718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.03.008(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.03.008)
 
Leary, T., Litwin, G. H., & Metzner, R. (1963). Reactions to psilocybin administered in a supportive environment. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 137(6), 561-573. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-196312000-00007(https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-196312000-00007)
 
Mason, N. L., Dolder, P. C., & Kuypers, K. P. (2020). Reported effects of psychedelic use on those with low well-being given various emotional states and social contexts. Drug Science, Policy and Law, 6, 2050324519900068. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324519900068(https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324519900068)
 
McElrath, K., & McEvoy, K. (2002). Negative experience on ecstasy: The role of drug, set and setting. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 34(2), 199-208. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2002.10399954(https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2002.10399954)
 
Metzner, R., & Leary, T. (1967). On programming psychedelic experiences. Psychedelic Review, 9, 5-19. https://maps.org/research-archive/psychedelicreview/n09/n09005met.pdf(https://maps.org/research-archive/psychedelicreview/n09/n09005met.pdf)
 
Monshouwer, K., Van Laar, M., Vollebergh, W. A. (2011). Buying cannabis in ‘coffee shops’. Drug and Alcohol Review, 30(2), 148–156. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-3362.2010.00268.x(https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-3362.2010.00268.x)
 
Neitzke-Spruill, L. (2020). Race as a component of set and setting: How experiences of race can influence psychedelic experiences. Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 4(1), 51-60. https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2019.022(https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2019.022)
 
NORML. (1996). Principles of responsible cannabis use. https://norml.org/principles/(https://norml.org/principles/)
 
Schall, M., Kemeny, A., & Maltzman, I. (1992). Factors associated with alcohol use in university students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 53(2), 122-136. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.1992.53.122(https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.1992.53.122)
 
Schlag, A. K., Hindocha, C., Zafar, R., Nutt, D. J., & Curran, H. V. (2021). Cannabis based medicines and cannabis dependence: A critical review of issues and evidence. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 35(7), 773-785. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120986393(https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120986393)
 
Shewan, D., Dalgarno, P., & Reith, G. (2000). Perceived risk and risk reduction among ecstasy users: The role of drug, set, and setting. International Journal of Drug Policy, 10(6), 431-453. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-3959(99)00038-9(https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-3959(99)00038-9)
 
Skliamis, K., Benschop, A., Liebregts, N., & Korf, D. J. (2021). Where, when and with whom: Cannabis use, settings and self-regulation rules. Contemporary Drug Problems, 48(3), 241-259. https://doi.org/10.1177/00914509211033921(https://doi.org/10.1177/00914509211033921)
 
Zinberg, N. E. (1984). Drug, set, and setting: The basis for controlled intoxicant use. Yale University Press.

Question 7

Cannabis myths

Accepted Answer

Cannabis Consumption Makes You Lazy and Unsuccessful
 
Barnwell, S. S., Earleywine, M., & Wilcox, R. (2006). Cannabis, motivation, and life satisfaction in an internet sample. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention and Policy, 1(1), 2-2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-597X-1-2(https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-597X-1-2)
 
Bloomfield, M. A. P., Morgan, C. J. A., Kapur, S., Curran, H. V., & Howes, O. D. (2014). The link between dopamine function and apathy in cannabis users: An [18f]-dopa pet imaging study. Psychopharmacology, 231(11), 2251-2259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-014-3523-4(https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-014-3523-4)
 
Duncan, D. F. (1987). Lifetime prevalence of “Amotivational syndrome" among users and non users of hashish. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 1(2), 114-119. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0080444(https://doi.org/10.1037/h0080444)
 
EMCCDA. (2006). The state of the drug problems in europe. Lisbon: EMCDDA.
 
Gerard, A. (2014, May 21). Medical cannabis and the myth of amotivational syndrome. in-Training. https://in-training.org/medical-cannabis-myth-amotivational-syndrome-6905(https://in-training.org/medical-cannabis-myth-amotivational-syndrome-6905)
 
Government of Canada. (2021, August 12). Canadian cannabis survey 2020: Summary. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/research-     d(https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/research-data/canadian-cannabis-survey-2020-summary.html#a2)ata/canadian-cannabis-survey-2020-summary.html (https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/research-data/canadian-cannabis-survey-2020-summary.html#a2)
 
Joo, S. H., Durband, D. B., & Grable, J. (2008). The academic impact of financial stress on college students. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 10(3), 287-305. https://doi.org/10.2190/CS.10.3.c(https://doi.org/10.2190/CS.10.3.c)
 
Kouri, E., Pope Jr, H. G., Yurgelun-Todd, D., & Gruber, S. (1995). Attributes of heavy vs. occasional marijuana smokers in a college population. Biological Psychiatry, 38(7), 475-481. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(94)00325-w(https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(94)00325-w)
 
Krumrei-Mancuso, E. J., Newton, F. B., Kim, E., & Wilcox, D. (2013). Psychosocial factors predicting first-year college student success. Journal of College Student Development, 54(3), 247-266. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2013.0034(https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2013.0034)
 
Lac, A., & Luk, J. W. (2018). Testing the amotivational syndrome: Marijuana use longitudinally predicts lower self-efficacy even after controlling for demographics, personality, and alcohol and cigarette use. Prevention Science, 19(2), 117-126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-017-0811-3(https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-017-0811-3)
 
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Hartman, R. L., & Huestis, M. A. (2013). Cannabis effects on driving skills. Clinical Chemistry, 59(3), 478–492. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2012.194381(https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2012.194381)
 
Li, M. C., Brady, J. E., DiMaggio, C. J., Lusardi, A. R., Tzong, K. Y., & Li, G. (2012). Marijuana use and motor vehicle crashes. Epidemiologic Reviews, 34(1), 65-72. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxr017(https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxr017)
 
McCartney, D., Arkell, T. R., Irwin, C., & McGregor, I. S. (2021). Determining the magnitude  and duration of acute [DELTA].sup.9-tetrahydrocannabinol -induced driving and  cognitive impairment: A systematic and meta-analysis review. Neuroscience and  Biobehavioral Reviews, 126, 175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.003 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.003)
 
Ramaekers, J. G., Robbe, H. W., & O'Hanlon, J. F. (2000). Marijuana, alcohol and actual driving performance. Human Psychopharmacology, 15(7), 551–558. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1077(200010)15:7<551::AID-HUP236>3.0.CO;2-P(https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1077(200010)15:7%3C551::AID-HUP236%3E3.0.CO;2-P)
 
Rogeberg, O., & Elvik, R. (2016). The effects of cannabis intoxication on motor vehicle collision revisited and revised. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 111(8), 1348–1359. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13347(https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13347)
 
Swift, W., Copeland, J., Lenton, S. (2000). Cannabis and harm reduction. Drug and Alcohol Review, 19(1), 101-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230096200(https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230096200)
 
It’s Natural So it’s Harmless
 
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596(https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596)
 
Budney, A. J., Hughes, J. R., Moore, B. A., & Vandrey, R. (2004). Review of the validity and significance of cannabis withdrawal syndrome. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(11), 1967-1977. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.11.1967(https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.11.1967)
 
Casadio, P., Fernandes, C., Murray, R. M., & Di Forti, M. (2011). Cannabis use in young people: The risk for schizophrenia. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(8), 1779-1787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.04.007(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.04.007)
 
Chang, L., Yakupov, R., Cloak, C., & Ernst, T. (2006). Marijuana use is associated with a reorganized visual-attention network and cerebellar hypoactivation. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 129(Pt 5), 1096-1112. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awl064(https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awl064)
 
Colizzi, M., Tosato, S., & Ruggeri, M. (2020). Cannabis and cognition: Connecting the dots towards the understanding of the relationship. Brain Sciences, 10(3), 133. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10030133(https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10030133)
 
Joshi, M., Joshi, A., & Bartter, T. (2014). Marijuana and lung diseases. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine, 20(2), 173-179. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0000000000000026(https://doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0000000000000026)
 
Moir, D., Rickert, W. S., Levasseur, G., Larose, Y., Maertens, R., White, P., & Desjardins, S. (2008). A comparison of mainstream and sidestream marijuana and tobacco cigarette smoke produced under two machine smoking conditions. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 21(2), 494-502. https://doi.org/10.1021/tx700275p(https://doi.org/10.1021/tx700275p)
 
Moore, T. H., Zammit, S., Lingford-Hughes, A., Barnes, T. R., Jones, P. B., Burke, M., & Lewis, G. (2007). Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: a systematic review. Lancet (London, England), 370(9584), 319-328. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61162-3(https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61162-3)
 
Patel, J., & Marwaha, R. (2021). Cannabis use disorder. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538131/ (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538131/)
 
Salas-Wright, C. P., Carbone, J. T., Holzer, K. J., & Vaughn, M. G. (2019). Prevalence and correlates of cannabis poisoning diagnosis in a national emergency department sample. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 204, 107564-107564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107564 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107564)
 
Schoeler, T., Kambeitz, J., Behlke, I., Murray, R., & Bhattacharyya, S. (2016). The effects of cannabis on memory function in users with and without a psychotic disorder: Findings from a combined meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 46(1), 177-188. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001646(https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001646)
 
Schreiner, A. M., & Dunn, M. E. (2012). Residual effects of cannabis use on neurocognitive performance after prolonged abstinence: A meta-analysis. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 20(5), 420-429. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029117(https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029117)
 
Yanes, J. A., Riedel, M. C., Ray, K. L., Kirkland, A. E., Bird, R. T., Boeving, E. R., Reid, M. A., Gonzalez, R., Robinson, J. L., Laird, A. R., & Sutherland, M. T. (2018). Neuroimaging meta-analysis of cannabis use studies reveals convergent functional alterations in brain regions supporting cognitive control and reward processing. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 32(3), 283-295. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881117744995(https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881117744995)

If You Hold the Smoke in Longer You Get More High 
 
Azorlosa, J. L., Greenwald, M. K., & Stitzer, M. L. (1995). Marijuana smoking: Effects of varying puff volume and breathhold duration. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 272(2), 560-569. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7853169/(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7853169/)
 
Farris, S. G., & Metrik, J. (2016). Acute effects of cannabis on breath-holding duration. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 24(4), 305–312. https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000075(https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000075)
 
Fischer, B., Russell, C., Sabioni, P., Van Den Brink, W., Le Foll, B., Hall, W., Rehm, J. & Room, R. (2017). Lower-risk cannabis use guidelines: A comprehensive update of evidence and recommendations. American Journal of Public Health, 107(8), e1-e12. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303818(https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303818)
 
McClure, E. A., Stitzer, M. L., & Vandrey, R. (2012). Characterizing smoking topography of cannabis in heavy users. Psychopharmacology, 220(2), 309-318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2480-4 (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2480-4)
 
Zacny, J. P., & Chait, L. D. (1989). Breathhold duration and response to marijuana smoke. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 33(2), 481–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(89)90534-0(https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(89)90534-0)
 
Zacny, J. P., & Chait, L. D. (1991). Response to marijuana as a function of potency and breathhold duration. Psychopharmacology, 103(2), 223-226. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02244207(https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02244207)
 
If You Eat Raw Cannabis, You Will Get High
 
Blake, A., & Nahtigal, I. (2019). The evolving landscape of cannabis edibles. Current Opinion in Food Science, 28, 25-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2019.03.009(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2019.03.009)
 
Hädener, M., Vieten, S., Weinmann, W., & Mahler, H. (2019). A preliminary investigation of lung availability of cannabinoids by smoking marijuana or dabbing BHO and decarboxylation rate of THC-and CBD-acids. Forensic Science International, 295, 207-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.12.021(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.12.021)
 
Moreno, T., Dyer, P., & Tallon, S. (2020). Cannabinoid decarboxylation: A comparative kinetic study. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 59(46), 20307-20315. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.0c03791(https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.0c03791)
 
Nuapia, Y., Maraba, K., Tutu, H., Chimuka, L., & Cukrowska, E. (2021). In situ decarboxylation-pressurized hot water extraction for selective extraction of cannabinoids from cannabis sativa. Chemometric Approach. Molecules, 26(11), 3343. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113343(https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113343)
 
Wang, M., Wang, Y., Avula, B., Radwan, M. M., Wanas, A. S., van Antwerp, J., Parcher, J. F., ElSohly, M. A., & Khan, I. A. (2016). Decarboxylation study of acidic cannabinoids: A novel approach using ultra-high-performance supercritical fluid chromatography/photodiode array-mass spectrometry. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 1(1), 262-271. https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2016.0020(https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2016.0020)
 
Having Cannabis in Your System (ex. Blood Test) Means You are High
 
Odell, M. S., Frei, M. Y., Gerostamoulos, D., Chu, M., & Lubman, D. I. (2015). Residual cannabis levels in blood, urine and oral fluid following heavy cannabis use. Forensic  Science International, 249, 173-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.01.026 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.01.026)

Cannabis and Anesthesia
 
Imasogie, N., Rose, R. V., & Wilson, A. (2021). High quantities: Evaluating the association between cannabis use and propofol anesthesia during endoscopy. PloS One, 16(3), e0248062-e0248062. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248062 (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248062) 
 
Sadighi, T., & Londahl-Ramsey, V. (2021). Cannabis use: Change in screening for primary care preoperative clearance. Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 17(7), 819-822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2021.02.021 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2021.02.021)
 
Cannabis Harms the Developing Brain
 
Shen, H. (2020). News feature: Cannabis and the adolescent brain. PNAS, 117(1), 7-11. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1920325116(https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1920325116)
 
Cannabis Users are Drug Addicts
 
Government of Canada. (2021, July 2). Addiction to cannabis. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/healtheffects/addiction.html (https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/health-effects/addiction.html)

You Can Become Addicted After One Try

Behrendt, S., Wittchen, H., Höfler, M., Lieb, R., & Beesdo, K. (2008;2009;). Transitions from first substance use to substance use disorders in adolescence: Is early onset associated with a rapid escalation? Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 99(1), 68-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.06.014 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.06.014)

Question 8

Alternatives to smoking cannabis

Accepted Answer

Abrams, D. I., Vizoso, H. P., Shade, S. B., Jay, C., Kelly, M. E., & Benowitz, N. L. (2007). Vaporization as a smokeless cannabis delivery system: a pilot study. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 82(5), 572-578. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.clpt.6100200(https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.clpt.6100200)
 
Adams, I. B., & Martin, B. R. (1996). Cannabis: Pharmacology and toxicology in animals and humans. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 91(11), 1585-1614. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1996.911115852.x (https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1996.911115852.x)
 
Alger, B. E. (2013). Getting high on the endocannabinoid system. Cerebrum : The Dana Forum on Brain Science,  2013, 14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3997295/(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3997295/)
 
Allen, J. A., Davis, K. C., Duke, J. C., Nonnemaker, J. M., Bradfield, B. R., & Farrelly, M. C. (2017). New product trial, use of edibles, and unexpected highs among marijuana and hashish users in colorado. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 176, 44-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.006 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.006)
 
Arboleda, M. F., Prosk, E., Cyr, C., Gamaoun, R., & Vigano, A. (2020). Medical cannabis in supportive cancer care: Lessons from Canada. Supportive Care in Cancer: Official Journal of Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer, 28(7), 2999-3001. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-020-05403-2(https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-020-05403-2)
 
Aston, E. R., Scott, B., & Farris, S. G. (2019). A qualitative analysis of cannabis vaporization among medical users. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 27(4), 301-308. https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000279 (https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000279) 
 
Azofeifa, A., Mattson, M. E., Schauer, G., McAfee, T., Grant, A., & Lyerla, R. (2016). National estimates of marijuana use and related indicators — national survey on drug use and health, united states, 2002–2014. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Surveillance summaries (Washington, D.C.: 2002), 65(11), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6511a1 (https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6511a1)
 
Baron, E. P. (2015). Comprehensive review of medicinal marijuana, cannabinoids, and therapeutic implications in medicine and headache: What a long strange trip it's been. Headache, 55(6), 885-916. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.12570 (https://doi.org/10.1111/head.12570)
 
Barrus, D. G., Capogrossi, K. L., Cates, S. C., Gourdet, C. K., Peiper, N. C., Novak, S. P., Lefever, T. W., & Wiley, J. L. (2016). Tasty thc: Promises and challenges of cannabis edibles. Methods report (RTI Press), 2016, 10.3768/rtipress.2016.op.0035.1611. https://doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2016.op.0035.1611 (https://doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2016.op.0035.1611)
 
Benjamin, D. M., & Fossler, M. J. (2016). Edible cannabis products: it is time for FDA oversight. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 56(9), 1045-1047. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.778(https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.778)
 
Benzinga. (2018, March 30). Smoking is just one way to use marijuana: An introduction to vaporizers, edibles, oils, tinctures, dabs and other cannabis products. https://www.benzinga.com/general/biotech/18/03/11035855/smoking-is-just-one-way-to-use-marijuana-an-introduction-to-vaporizer(https://www.benzinga.com/general/biotech/18/03/11035855/smoking-is-just-one-way-to-use-marijuana-an-introduction-to-vaporizer)
 
Birnbaum, A. K., Karanam, A., Marino, S. E., Barkley, C. M., Remmel, R. P., Roslawski, M., Gramling‐Aden, M., & Leppik, I. E. (2019). Food effect on pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol oral capsules in adult patients with refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia (Copenhagen), 60(8), 1586-1592. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.16093 (https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.16093)
 
Bjorge, P. (2020, March 4). Cannabis tinctures 101: How to make, consume, and dose them. Leafly. https://www.leafly.ca/news/cannabis-101/cannabis-tinctures-101-what-are-they-how-to-make-them-and-how-to (https://www.leafly.ca/news/cannabis-101/cannabis-tinctures-101-what-are-they-how-to-make-them-and-how-to)
 
Blake, A., & Nahtigal, I. (2019). The evolving landscape of cannabis edibles. Current Opinion in Food Science, 28, 25-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2019.03.009 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2019.03.009)
 
Bloor, R. N., Wang, T. S., Spanel, P., & Smith, D. (2008). Ammonia release from heated ‘street’ cannabis leaf and its potential toxic effects on cannabis users. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 103(10), 1671-1677. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02281.x(https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02281.x)
 
Borodovsky, J. T., Crosier, B. S., Lee, D. C., Sargent, J. D., & Budney, A. J. (2016). Smoking, vaping, eating: Is legalization impacting the way people use cannabis? The International Journal of Drug Policy, 36, 141-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.02.022 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.02.022)
 
Borodovsky, J. T., Lee, D. C., Crosier, B. S., Gabrielli, J. L., Sargent, J. D., & Budney, A. J. (2017). U.S. cannabis legalization and use of vaping and edible products among youth. Drug and alcohol dependence, 177, 299-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.02.017(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.02.017)
 
Bottorff, J. L., Bissell, L. J., Balneaves, L. G., Oliffe, J. L., Capler, N. R., & Buxton, J. (2013). Perceptions of cannabis as a stigmatized medicine: A qualitative descriptive study. Harm Reduction Journal, 10(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-10-2(https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-10-2)
 
Calapai, F., Cardia, L., Sorbara, E. E., Navarra, M., Gangemi, S., Calapai, G., & Mannucci, C. (2020). Cannabinoids, blood-brain barrier, and brain disposition. Pharmaceutics, 12(3), 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12030265(https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12030265)
 
Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction. (2019). 7 things about edible cannabis. https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-06/CCSA-7-Things-About-Edible-Cannabis-2(https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-06/CCSA-7-Things-About-Edible-Cannabis-2019-en.pdf)019-en.pdf (https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-06/CCSA-7-Things-About-Edible-Cannabis-2019-en.pdf)
 
Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction. (2019). Edible cannabis: Always read the label. https://ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-10/CCSA-Edible-Cannabis-Read-Label-Infographic-2019-en.pdf(https://ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-10/CCSA-Edible-Cannabis-Read-Label-Infographic-2019-en.pdf)
 
Cannabis Regulations (SOR/2018-144). https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/Regulations/SOR-2018-144/index.html (https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/Regulations/SOR-2018-144/index.html) 
 
Capano, A., Weaver, R., & Burkman, E. (2020). Evaluation of the effects of CBD hemp extract on opioid use and quality of life indicators in chronic pain patients: A prospective cohort study. Postgraduate Medicine, 132(1), 56-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/00325481.2019.1685298(https://doi.org/10.1080/00325481.2019.1685298)
 
Carter, G. T., Weydt, P., Kyashna-Tocha, M., & Abrams, D. I. (2004). Medicinal cannabis: Rational guidelines for dosing. IDrugs: The Investigational Drugs Journal, 7(5), 464-470. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15154108/(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15154108/)
 
Chait, L. D., & Zacny, J. P. (1992). Reinforcing and subjective effects of oral Δ 9-thc and smoked marijuana in humans. Psychopharmacology, 107(2), 255-262. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02245145(https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02245145)
 
Cone, E. J., Johnson, R. E., Paul, B. D., Mell, L. D., & Mitchell, J. (1988). Marijuana-laced brownies: Behavioral effects, physiologic effects, and urinalysis in humans following ingestion. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 12(4), 169-175. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/12.4.169(https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/12.4.169)
 
Craft, S., Winstock, A., Ferris, J., Mackie, C., Lynskey, M. T., & Freeman, T. P. (2020;2019;). Characterising heterogeneity in the use of different cannabis products: Latent class analysis with 55 000 people who use cannabis and associations with severity of cannabis dependence. Psychological Medicine, 50(14), 2364-2373. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291719002460 (https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291719002460)
 
Cranford, J. A., Bohnert, K. M., Perron, B. E., Bourque, C., & Ilgen, M. (2016). Prevalence and correlates of “Vaping” as a route of cannabis administration in medical cannabis patients. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 169, 41– 47. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.10.008(http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.10.008)
 
CSSDP. (2018). Sensible cannabis education - A toolkit for educating youth. https://cssdp.org/uploads/2018/04/Sensible-Cannabis-Education-A-Toolkit-for-Educating-(https://cssdp.org/uploads/2018/04/Sensible-Cannabis-Education-A-Toolkit-for-Educating-Youth.pdf)Youth.pdf(https://cssdp.org/uploads/2018/04/Sensible-Cannabis-Education-A-Toolkit-for-Educating-Youth.pdf)
 
CSSDP. (2019). Cannabis harm reduction. https://cssdp.org/uploads/2019/09/Cannabis-Harm-Reduction.pdf (https://cssdp.org/uploads/2019/09/Cannabis-Harm-Reduction.pdf)
 
Curran, V. H., Brignell, C., Fletcher, S., Middleton, P., & Henry, J. (2002). Cognitive and subjective dose-response effects of acute oral Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (thc) in infrequent cannabis users. Psychopharmacology, 164(1), 61-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-002-1169-0(https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-002-1169-0)
 
Cuttler, C., Mischley, L. K., & Sexton, M. (2016). Sex differences in cannabis use and effects: A cross-sectional survey of cannabis users. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 1(1), 166-175. https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2016.0010(https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2016.0010)
 
Dalgarno, P., & Shewan, D. (2005). Reducing the risks of drug use: The case for set and setting. Addiction Research & Theory, 13(3), 259-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066350500053562 (https://doi.org/10.1080/16066350500053562)
 
Ewusi Boisvert, E., Bae, D., Pang, R. D., Davis, J. P., Kelley-Quon, L. I., Barrington-Trimis, J. L., Kirkpatrick, M. G., Chai, S. H., & Leventhal, A. M. (2020). Subjective effects of combustible, vaporized, and edible cannabis: Results from a survey of adolescent cannabis users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 206, 107716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107716 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107716)
 
Farmer, S., Slavin, M. N., Loflin, M. J. E., Luba, R., & Earleywine, M. (2019). Aversiveness and meaningfulness of uncomfortable experiences with edible cannabis. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 51(5), 413-420. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2019.1645371 (https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2019.1645371)
 
Fischer, B., Russell, C., Sabioni, P., Van Den Brink, W., Le Foll, B., Hall, W., Rehm, J., & Room, R. (2017). Lower-risk cannabis use guidelines: A comprehensive update of evidence and recommendations. American Journal of Public Health, 107(8), E1-E12. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303818(https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303818)
 
Fligiel, S. E., Roth, M. D., Kleerup, E. C., Barsky, S. H., Simmons, M. S., & Tashkin, D. P. (1997). Tracheobronchial histopathology in habitual smokers of cocaine, marijuana, and/or tobacco. Chest, 112(2), 319-326. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.112.2.319(https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.112.2.319)
 
Franciosi, A. (2017). THC patch: The ultimate guide to thc transdermal patches. Honest Marijuana. https://honestmarijuana.com/thc-patch/ (https://honestmarijuana.com/thc-patch/)
 
Freeman, T. P., & Winstock, A. R. (2015). Examining the profile of high-potency cannabis and its association with severity of cannabis dependence. Psychological Medicine, 45(15), 3181-3189. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001178 (https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001178)
 
Geshtakovska, G., & Stefkov, G. (2016). Routes of cannabis administration: A brief review. Your hosts Macedonian Pharmaceutical Association and Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 515. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marija-Vavlukis/publication/303899331_Impact_of_SLCO1B1_521TC_and_388AG_polymorphisms_on_response_to_atorvastatin_in_the_albanian_population/links/575bf9a708ae9a9c9556fa65/Impact-of-SLCO1B1-521TC-and-388AG-polymorphisms-on-response-to-atorvastatin-in-the-albanian-population.pdf#page=515(https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marija-Vavlukis/publication/303899331_Impact_of_SLCO1B1_521TC_and_388AG_polymorphisms_on_response_to_atorvastatin_in_the_albanian_population/links/575bf9a708ae9a9c9556fa65/Impact-of-SLCO1B1-521TC-and-388AG-polymorphisms-on-response-to-atorvastatin-in-the-albanian-population.pdf#page=515)
 
Ghosh, T. S., Van Dyke, M., Maffey, A., Whitley, E., Erpelding, D., & Wolk, L. (2015). Medical marijuana’s public health lessons—implications for retail marijuana in Colorado. The New England Journal of Medicine, 372(11), 991-993. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1500043 (https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1500043)
 
Gieringer, D. H. (2001). Cannabis “Vaporization”: A promising strategy for smoke harm reduction. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics, 1(3-4), 153-170. https://doi.org/10.1300/J175v01n03_10 (https://doi.org/10.1300/J175v01n03_10)
 
Giombi, K. C., Kosa, K. M., Rains, C., & Cates, S. C. (2018). Consumers' perceptions of edible marijuana products for recreational use: Likes, dislikes, and reasons for use. Substance use & Misuse, 53(4), 541-547. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2017.1343353 (https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2017.1343353)
 
Government of Canada. (2019, December 13). Canadian Cannabis Survey 2019-Summary. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/drugs-health-products/canadian-cannabis-survey-2019-summary.html (https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/drugs-health-products/canadian-cannabis-survey-2019-summary.html)
 
Government of Canada. (2019). Cannabis: Lower your risks. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/resources/loW(https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/resources/lower-your-risks.html)er-your-risks.html(https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/resources/lower-your-risks.html)
 
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Grewal, J. K., & Loh, L. C. (2020). Health considerations of the legalization of cannabis edibles. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association Journal, 192(1), E1–E2. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.191217 (https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.191217)
 
Grof, C. P. L. (2018). Cannabis, from plant to pill. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 84(11), 2463-2467. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13618 (https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13618)
 
Grotenhermen, F. (2001). Harm reduction associated with inhalation and oral administration of cannabis and thc. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics, 1(3-4), 133-152. https://doi.org/10.1300/J175v01n03_09(https://doi.org/10.1300/J175v01n03_09)
 
Grotenhermen, F. (2003). Clinical pharmacokinetics of cannabinoids. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics, 3(1), 3-51. https://doi.org/10.1300/J175v03n01_02(https://doi.org/10.1300/J175v03n01_02)
 
Grotenhermen, F. (2007). The toxicology of cannabis and cannabis prohibition. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 4(8), 1744-1769. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200790151(https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200790151)
 
Halperin, A. (2018). 'You're not going to die': How to survive an edible marijuana overdose. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/nov/18/marijuana-cannabis-edibles-overdose-t(https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/nov/18/marijuana-cannabis-edibles-overdose-too-much)oo-much (https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/nov/18/marijuana-cannabis-edibles-overdose-too-much)
 
Hart, C. L., Ward, A. S., Haney, M., Comer, S. D., Foltin, R. W., & Fischman, M. W. (2002). Comparison of smoked marijuana and oral Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in humans. Psychopharmacology, 164(4), 407-415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-002-1231-y(https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-002-1231-y)
 
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Huestis, M. A. (2007). Human cannabinoid pharmacokinetics. Chemistry & biodiversity, 4(8), 1770-1804. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200790152 (https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200790152)
 
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Lemberger, L., Martz, R., Rodda, B., Forney, R., & Rowe, H. (1973). Comparative pharmacology of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and its metabolite, 11-OH-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 52(10), 2411-2417. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI107431 (https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI107431)
 
Levinsohn, E. A., & Hill, K. P. (2020). Clinical uses of cannabis and cannabinoids in the unitedstates. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 411, 116717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.116717(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.116717)
 
Loflin, M., & Earleywine, M. (2014). A new method of cannabis ingestion: The dangers of dabs? Addictive Behaviors, 39(10), 1430-1433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.05.013 (https://weedoutmisinformation.ca/resources/%20https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.05.013)
 
Loflin, M., & Earleywine, M. (2015). No smoke, no fire: What the initial literature suggests regarding vapourized cannabis and respiratory risk. Canadian Journal of Respiratory Therapy: CJRT, 51(1), 7-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26078621/(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26078621/)
 
MacCallum, C. A., & Russo, E. B. (2018). Practical considerations in medical cannabis administration and dosing. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 49, 12-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2018.01.004(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2018.01.004)
 
MacCoun, R. J., & Mello, M. M. (2015). Half-baked—the retail promotion of marijuana edibles. The New England Journal of Medicine, 372(11), 989-991. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1416014(https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1416014)
 
Marangoni, I. P., & Marangoni, A. G. (2019). Cannabis edibles: Dosing, encapsulation, and stability considerations. Current Opinion in Food Science, 28, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2019.01.005 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2019.01.005)
 
Mariani, J. J., Brooks, D., Haney, M., & Levin, F. R. (2011). Quantification and comparison of marijuana smoking practices: Blunts, joints, and pipes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 113(2-3), 249-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.08.008(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.08.008)
 
Marsot, A., Audebert, C., Attolini, L., Lacarelle, B., Micallef, J., & Blin, O. (2017). Population pharmacokinetics model of thc used by pulmonary route in occasional cannabis smokers. Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods, 85, 49-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vascn.2017.02.003 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vascn.2017.02.003)
 
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National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice; Committee on the Health Effects of Marijuana: An Evidence Review and Research Agenda. (2017). The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2017 Jan 12. https://doi.org/10.17226/24625(https://doi.org/10.17226/24625)
 
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Pacula, R. L., Jacobson, M., & Maksabedian, E. J. (2016). In the weeds: a baseline view of cannabis use among legalizing states and their neighbours. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 111(6), 973-980. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13282(https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13282)
 
Papaseit, E., Pérez-Mañá, C., Pérez-Acevedo, A. P., Hladun, O., Torres-Moreno, M. C., Muga, R., Torrens, M., & Farré, M. (2018). Cannabinoids: from pot to lab. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 15(12), 1286–1295. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.27087 (https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.27087)
 
Perkins, D. (2021, August 5). Understanding milligram doses in cannabis drinks. Sorse Technology. https://sorsetech.com/understanding-milligram-doses-in-cannabis-drinks/ (https://sorsetech.com/understanding-milligram-doses-in-cannabis-drinks/)
 
Ribeiro, L. I., & Ind, P. W. (2016). Effect of cannabis smoking on lung function and respiratory symptoms: A structured literature review. NPJ Primary Care Respiratory Medicine, 26(1), 16071. https://doi.org/10.1038/npjpcrm.2016.71(https://doi.org/10.1038/npjpcrm.2016.71)
 
Rotermann, M. (2021). Looking back from 2020, how cannabis use and related behaviours changed in canada. Health Reports, 32(4), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.25318/82-003-x202100400001-eng(https://doi.org/10.25318/82-003-x202100400001-eng)
 
Russell, C., Rueda, S., Room, R., Tyndall, M., & Fischer, B. (2018). Routes of administration for cannabis use – basic prevalence and related health outcomes: A scoping review and synthesis. The International Journal of Drug Policy, 52, 87-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.11.008(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.11.008)
 
Russo E. B. (2011). Taming thc: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects. British Journal of Pharmacology, 163(7), 1344–1364. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x (https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x)
 
Sadhir, M. (2016). Pharmacology of cannabis. Journal of Pain Management, 9(4), 375-379. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/pediatrics_facpub/265/(https://uknowledge.uky.edu/pediatrics_facpub/265/)
 
Schauer, G. L., King, B. A., Bunnell, R. E., Promoff, G., & McAfee, T. A. (2016). Toking, vaping, and eating for health or fun: Marijuana use patterns in adults, U.S., 2014. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 50(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.05.027(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.05.027)
 
Schlienz, N. J., Spindle, T. R., Cone, E. J., Herrmann, E. S., Bigelow, G. E., Mitchell, J. M., Flegel, R., LoDico, C., & Vandrey, R. (2020). Pharmacodynamic dose effects of oral cannabis ingestion in healthy adults who infrequently use cannabis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 211, 107969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107969(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107969)
 
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Urits, I., Gress, K., Charipova, K., Habib, K., Lee,  D., Lee, C., Jung, J. W., Kassem, H., Cornett, E., Paladini, A., Varrassi, G., Kaye, A., D., Viswanath, O. (2020). Use of cannabidiol (CBD) for the treatment of chronic pain. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Anaesthesiology, 34(3), 463-477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpa.2020.06.004(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpa.2020.06.004)
 
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Question 9

Mental health and cannabis

Accepted Answer

Abizaid, A., Merali, Z., & Anisman, H. (2019). Cannabis: A potential efficacious intervention for ptsd or simply snake oil? Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience: JPN, 44(2), 75-78. https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.190021(https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.190021)
 
Abrams, D. I. (2018). The therapeutic effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: An update from the national academies of sciences, engineering and medicine report. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 49, 7-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2018.01.003(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2018.01.003)
 
Addison, S. (2017). How can cannabis help in the treatment of depression. Cannabis Digest. https://cannabisdigest.ca/cannabis-treatment-depression/(https://cannabisdigest.ca/cannabis-treatment-depression/)
 
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Kedzior, K. K., & Laeber, L. T. (2014). A positive association between anxiety disorders and cannabis use or cannabis use disorders in the general population--a meta-analysis of 31 studies. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1), 136-136. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-14-136 (https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-14-136)
 
Kim, S. W., Dodd, S., Berk, L., Kulkarni, J., de Castella, A., Fitzgerald, P. B., Kim, J. M., Yoon, J. S., & Berk, M. (2015). Impact of cannabis use on long-term remission in bipolar I and schizoaffective disorder. Psychiatry Investigation, 12(3), 349-355. https://doi.org/10.4306/pi.2015.12.3.349(https://doi.org/10.4306/pi.2015.12.3.349)
 
Konefal, S., Gabrys, R., & Porath, A. (2019). Clearing the smoke on cannabis. Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction. https://www.ccsa.ca/clearing-smoke-cannabis-regular-use-and-mental-health(https://www.ccsa.ca/clearing-smoke-cannabis-regular-use-and-mental-health)
 
Korem, N., Zer-Aviv, T. M., Ganon-Elazar, E., Abush, H., & Akirav, I. (2016). Targeting the endocannabinoid system to treat anxiety-related disorders. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, 27(3), 193-202. https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2015-0058(https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2015-0058)
 
Kraan, T., Velthorst, E., Koenders, L., Zwaart, K., Ising, H. K., van den Berg, D., de Haan, L., & van der Gaag, M. (2016). Cannabis use and transition to psychosis in individuals at ultra-high risk: Review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 46(4), 673-681. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715002329(https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715002329)
 
Ksir, C., & Hart, C. L. (2016). Cannabis and psychosis: A critical overview of the relationship. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-015-0657-y(https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-015-0657-y)
 
Lake, S., Kerr, T., Buxton, J., Walsh, Z., Marshall, B. D., Wood, E., & Milloy, M. (2020). Does cannabis use modify the effect of post-traumatic stress disorder on severe depression and suicidal ideation? Evidence from a population-based cross-sectional study of canadians. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 34(2), 181-188. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881119882806(https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881119882806)
 
Lake, S., Kerr, T., Werb, D., Haines‐Saah, R., Fischer, B., Thomas, G., Walsh, Z., Ware, M. A., Wood, E., & Milloy, M. (2019). Guidelines for public health and safety metrics to evaluate the potential harms and benefits of cannabis regulation in canada. Drug and Alcohol Review, 38(6), 606-621. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12971 (https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12971) 
 
Langs, G., Fabisch, H., Fabisch, K., & Zapotoczky, H. G. (1997). Can cannabis trigger recurrent panic attacks in susceptible patients? European Psychiatry, 12(8), 415-419. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-9338(97)83568-7(https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-9338(97)83568-7)
 
Lau, N., Sales, P., Averill, S., Murphy, F., Sato, S., & Murphy, S. (2015). A safer alternative: Cannabis substitution as harm reduction. Drug and Alcohol Review, 34(6), 654-659. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12275 (https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12275)
 
Lesch, K. P., Wiesmann, M., Hoh, A., Muller, T., Disselkamp-Tietze, J., Osterheider, M., & Schulte, H. M. (1992). 5-ht1a receptor-effector system responsivity in panic disorder. Psychopharmacology, 106(1), 111-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02253597(https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02253597)
 
Lev-Ran, S., Le Foll, B., McKenzie, K., George, T. P., & Rehm, J. (2013). Cannabis use and cannabis use disorders among individuals with mental illness. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 54(6), 589-598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.12.021(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.12.021)
 
Leweke, F. M., Piomelli, D., Pahlisch, F., Muhl, D., Gerth, C. W., Hoyer, C., Klosterkötter, J., Hellmich, M., & Koethe, D. (2012). Cannabidiol enhances anandamide signaling and alleviates psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia. Translational Psychiatry, 2(3), e94-e94. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2012.15(https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2012.15)
 
Linscott, R. J., & van Os, J. (2013). An updated and conservative systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence on psychotic experiences in children and adults: On the pathway from proneness to persistence to dimensional expression across mental disorders. Psychological Medicine, 43(6), 1133-1149. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291712001626(https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291712001626)
 
Lowe, D. J. E., Sasiadek, J. D., Coles, A. S., & George, T. P. (2019). Cannabis and mental illness: A review. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 269(1), 107-120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-018-0970-7(https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-018-0970-7)
 
Lucas, P. (2012). Cannabis as an adjunct to or substitute for opiates in the treatment of chronic pain. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 44(2), 125–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2012.684624(https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2012.684624)
 
Lucas, P., Reiman, A., Earleywine, M., McGowan, S. K., Oleson, M., Coward, M. P., & Thomas, B. (2013). Cannabis as a substitute for alcohol and other drugs: A dispensary-based survey of substitution effect in canadian medical cannabis patients. Addiction Research & Theory, 21(5), 435–442. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066359.2012.733465(https://doi.org/10.3109/16066359.2012.733465)
 
Lynskey, M. T., Heath, A. C., Nelson, E. C., Bucholz, K. K., Madden, P. A. F., Slutske, W. S., Statham, D. J., & Martin, N. G. (2002). Genetic and environmental contributions to cannabis dependence in a national young adult twin sample. Psychological Medicine, 32(2), 195-207. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291701005062(https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291701005062)
 
Manzanares, J., Urigüen, L., Rubio, G., & Palomo, T. (2004). Role of endocannabinoid system in mental diseases. Neurotoxicity Research, 6(3), 213-224. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03033223(https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03033223)
 
Marconi, A., Di Forti, M., Lewis, C. M., Murray, R. M., & Vassos, E. (2016). Meta-analysis of the association between the level of cannabis use and risk of psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 42(5), 1262-1269. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbw003(https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbw003)
 
McGee, R., Williams, S., Poulton, R., & Moffitt, T. (2000). A longitudinal study of cannabis use and mental health from adolescence to early adulthood. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 95(4), 491-503. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.9544912.x(https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.9544912.x)
 
McGill University. (2007). Cannabis: Potent anti-depressant in low doses, worsens depression at high doses. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071023183937.htm(https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071023183937.htm)
 
McGuire, P., Robson, P., Cubala, W. J., Vasile, D., Morrison, P. D., Barron, R., Taylor, A., & Wright, S. (2018). Cannabidiol (CBD) as an adjunctive therapy in schizophrenia: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(3), 225-231. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17030325(https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17030325)
 
Medical cannabis for anxiety. (n.d.). Cannabis clinics. https://www.cannabisclinics.ca/medical-cannabis/anxiety/(https://www.cannabisclinics.ca/medical-cannabis/anxiety/)
 
Mental Health Commission of Canada. (2019). Cannabis and mental health: Priorities for research in canada. https://www.mentalhealthcommission.ca/wp-content/uploads/drupal/2019-07/Cannabis_m(https://www.mentalhealthcommission.ca/wp-content/uploads/drupal/2019-07/Cannabis_mental_Health_Summary_july_2019_eng.pdf)ental_Health_Summary_july_2019_eng.pdf(https://www.mentalhealthcommission.ca/wp-content/uploads/drupal/2019-07/Cannabis_mental_Health_Summary_july_2019_eng.pdf)
 
Metzner, R., & Leary, T. (1967). On programming psychedelic experiences. Psychedelic Review, 9, 5-19. https://maps.org/research-archive/psychedelicreview/n09/n09005met.pdf(https://maps.org/research-archive/psychedelicreview/n09/n09005met.pdf)
 
Mikuriya, T., & Mandel, J. (2001). Cannabis substitution: Harm reduction treatment for alcoholism and drug dependence. https://www.mikuriya.com/cw_cansub.html(https://www.mikuriya.com/cw_cansub.html)
 
Mikuriya, T. H. (2004). Cannabis as a substitute for alcohol: A harm-reduction approach. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics, 4(1), 79-93. https://doi.org/10.1300/J175v04n01_04(https://doi.org/10.1300/J175v04n01_04)
 
Miller, B. (2021). Does cannabis cause psychosis? Psychiatric Times, 38(3). https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/cannabis-cause-psychosis(https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/cannabis-cause-psychosis)
 
Misiak, B., Stramecki, F., Gawęda, Ł., Prochwicz, K., Sąsiadek, M.M., Moustafa, A.A., & Frydecka, D. (2018). Interactions between variation in candidate genes and environmental factors in the etiology of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A systematic review. Molecular Neurobiology, 55(6), 5075–5100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-017-0708-y(https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-017-0708-y)
 
Moran, C. (1986). Depersonalization and agoraphobia associated with marijuana use. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 59(2), 187-196. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1986.tb02684.x(https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1986.tb02684.x)
 
Mueser, K. T., Drake, R. E., & Wallach, M. A. (1998). Dual diagnosis: A review of etiological theories. Addictive Behaviors, 23(6), 717-734. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4603(98)00073-2(https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4603(98)00073-2)
 
Mundell, E., J. (2020). One joint may cause psychotic symptoms: Study. A Family Pharmacy Apple Valley. https://www.afamilypharmacy.com/patient-resources/article/755848/one-joint-may-cause-(https://www.afamilypharmacy.com/patient-resources/article/755848/one-joint-may-cause-psychotic-symptoms-study)psychotic-symptoms-study(https://www.afamilypharmacy.com/patient-resources/article/755848/one-joint-may-cause-psychotic-symptoms-study)
 
Muntoni, A. L., Pillolla, G., Melis, M., Perra, S., Gessa, G. L., & Pistis, M. (2006). Cannabinoids modulate spontaneous neuronal activity and evoked inhibition of locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons. European Journal of Neuroscience, 23(9), 2385-2394. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04759.x(https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04759.x)
 
Naliboff, B. D., Rickles, W. H., Cohen, M. J., & Naimark, R. S. (1976). Interactions of marijuana and induced stress: Forearm blood flow, heart rate, and skin conductance. Psychophysiology, 13(6), 517-522. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1976.tb00871.x(https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1976.tb00871.x)
 
Ogborne, A. C., Smart, R. G., Weber, T., & Birchmore-Timney, C. (2000). Who is using cannabis as a medicine and why: An exploratory study. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 32(4), 435-443. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2000.10400245(https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2000.10400245)
 
O'Shea, M., McGregor, I. S., & Mallet, P. E. (2006). Repeated cannabinoid exposure during perinatal, adolescent or early adult ages produces similar long lasting deficits in object recognition and reduced social interaction in rats. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford), 20(5), 611-621. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881106065188(https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881106065188)
 
O'Shea, M., Singh, M. E., McGregor, I. S., & Mallet, P. E. (2004). Chronic cannabinoid exposure produces lasting memory impairment and increased anxiety in adolescent but not adult rats. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford), 18(4), 502-508. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881104047277(https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881104047277)
 
Ortiz-Medina, M. B., Perea, M., Torales, J., Ventriglio, A., Vitrani, G., Aguilar, L., & Roncero, C. (2018). Cannabis consumption and psychosis or schizophrenia development. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 64(7), 690-703. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764018801690(https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764018801690)
 
Passie, T., Emrich, H. M., Karst, M., Brandt, S. D., & Halpern, J. H. (2012). Mitigation of post‐traumatic stress symptoms by cannabis resin: A review of the clinical and neurobiological evidence. Drug Testing and Analysis, 4(7-8), 649-659. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1377(https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1377)
 
Patel, S., & Hillard, C. J. (2006). Pharmacological evaluation of cannabinoid receptor ligands in a mouse model of anxiety: Further evidence for an anxiolytic role for endogenous cannabinoid signaling. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 318(1), 304–311. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.106.101287(https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.106.101287)
 
Patel, S., Hill, M. N., Cheer, J. F., Wotjak, C. T., and Holmes, A. (2017). The endocannabinoid system as a target for novel anxiolytic drugs. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 76(Pt A), 56–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.033(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.033)
 
Pertwee, R. G. (2008). The diverse cb1 and cb2 receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabivarin. British Journal of Pharmacology, 153(2), 199-215. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0707442(https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0707442)

Pierre, J. M. (2010). Psychosis associated with medical marijuana: Risk vs. benefits of medicinal cannabis use. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(5), 598-599. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09121762(https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09121762)
 
Price, C., Tomas, H., Lewis, G., Zammit, S., & Allebeck, P. (2009). Cannabis and suicide: Longitudinal study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 195(6), 492-497. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.109.065227(https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.109.065227)
 
Proal, A. C., Fleming, J., Galvez-Buccollini, J. A., & DeLisi, L. E. (2014). A controlled family study of cannabis users with and without psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 152(1), 283–288; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2013.11.014(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2013.11.014)

Rabinak, C. A., Blanchette, A., Zabik, N. L., Peters, C., Marusak, H. A., Iadipaolo, A., & Elrahal, F. (2020). Cannabinoid modulation of corticolimbic activation to threat in trauma-exposed adults: A preliminary study. Psychopharmacology, 237(6), 1813-1826. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05499-8(https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05499-8)
 
Radhakrishnan, R., Wilkinson, S. T., D'Souza, D. C. (2014). Gone to pot—A review of the association between cannabis and psychosis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 5, 54. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00054(https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00054)

Raymundi, A. M., da Silva, T. R., Sohn, J. M. B., Bertoglio, L. J., & Stern, C. A. (2020). Effects of ∆ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol on aversive memories and anxiety: A review from human studies. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1), 420-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02813-8(https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02813-8)
 
Reilly, D., Didcott, P., Swift, W., & Hall, W. (1998). Long‐term cannabis use: Characteristics of users in an australian rural area. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 93(6), 837-846. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.9368375.x(https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.9368375.x)

Question 10

Overconsumption of cannabis

Accepted Answer

Ashton, C. H. (2001). Pharmacology and effects of cannabis: A brief review. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 178(2), 101-106. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.178.2.101(https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.178.2.101)
 
Aurora. (n.d.). What to do if you green out. https://www.auroramedical.com/blogs/news/what-to-do-if-you-green-out(https://www.auroramedical.com/blogs/news/what-to-do-if-you-green-out)
 
Brust, J. C. (1993). Other agents. Phencyclidine, marijuana, hallucinogens, inhalants, and anticholinergics. Neurologic Clinics, 11(3), 555-561. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8377742/(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8377742/)
 
Canadian Nurses Association. (2017). Harm reduction for non-medical cannabis use. https://hl-prod-ca-oc-download.s3-ca-central-1.amazonaws.com/CNA/2f975e7e-4a40-45c(https://hl-prod-ca-oc-download.s3-ca-central-1.amazonaws.com/CNA/2f975e7e-4a40-45ca-863c-5ebf0a138d5e/UploadedImages/documents/Harm_Reduction_for_Non_Medical_Cannabis_Use.pdf)a-863c-5ebf0a138d5e/UploadedImages/documents/Harm_Reduction_for_Non_Medical_(https://hl-prod-ca-oc-download.s3-ca-central-1.amazonaws.com/CNA/2f975e7e-4a40-45ca-863c-5ebf0a138d5e/UploadedImages/documents/Harm_Reduction_for_Non_Medical_Cannabis_Use.pdf)Cannabis_Use.pdf(https://hl-prod-ca-oc-download.s3-ca-central-1.amazonaws.com/CNA/2f975e7e-4a40-45ca-863c-5ebf0a138d5e/UploadedImages/documents/Harm_Reduction_for_Non_Medical_Cannabis_Use.pdf)
 
Cao, D., Srisuma, S., Bronstein, A. C., & Hoyte, C. O. (2016). Characterization of edible marijuana product exposures reported to united states poison centers. Clinical Toxicology, 54(9), 840-846. https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2016.1209761(https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2016.1209761)
 
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). Inadvertent ingestion of marijuana-los angeles, california, 2009. MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 58(34), 947-950. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19730407/(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19730407/)
 
Crippa, J. A., Derenusson, G. N., Chagas, M. H., Atakan, Z., Martín-Santos, R., Zuardi, A. W., & Hallak, J. E. (2012). Pharmacological interventions in the treatment of the acute effects of cannabis: A systematic review of literature. Harm reduction journal, 9(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-9-7(https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-9-7)
 
Crippa, J. A., Zuardi, A. W., Martín‐Santos, R., Bhattacharyya, S., Atakan, Z., McGuire, P., & Fusar‐Poli, P. (2009). Cannabis and anxiety: A critical review of the evidence. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 24(7), 515-523. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.1048(https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.1048)
 
CSSDP. (2018). Sensible cannabis education - A toolkit for educating youth. https://cssdp.org/uploads/2018/04/Sensible-Cannabis-Education-A-Toolkit-for-Educating-(https://cssdp.org/uploads/2018/04/Sensible-Cannabis-Education-A-Toolkit-for-Educating-Youth.pdf)Youth.pdf(https://cssdp.org/uploads/2018/04/Sensible-Cannabis-Education-A-Toolkit-for-Educating-Youth.pdf)
 
Dalgarno, P., & Shewan, D. (2005). Reducing the risks of drug use: The case for set and setting. Addiction Research & Theory, 13(3), 259-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066350500053562(https://doi.org/10.1080/16066350500053562)
 
Egan, K. L., Cox, M. J., Suerken, C. K., Reboussin, B. A., Song, E. Y., Wagoner, K. G., & Wolfson, M. (2019). More drugs, more problems? Simultaneous use of alcohol and marijuana at parties among youth and young adults. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 202, 69-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.07.003(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.07.003)
 
Government of Canada. (2019). Cannabis: Lower your risks. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/resources/loW(https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/resources/lower-your-risks.html)er-your-risks.html(https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/resources/lower-your-risks.html)
 
Grotenhermen, F. (2003). Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 42(4), 327-360. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200342040-00003(https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200342040-00003)
 
Grotenhermen, F. (2007). The toxicology of cannabis and cannabis prohibition. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 4(8), 1744-1769. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200790151(https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200790151)
 
Guidet, C., Gregoire, M., Le Dreau, A., Vrignaud, B., Deslandes, G., & Monteil-Ganière, C. (2020). Cannabis intoxication after accidental ingestion in infants: Urine and plasma concentrations of Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (thc), thc-cooh and 11-oh-thc in 10 patients. Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 58(5), 421-423. https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2019.1655569(https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2019.1655569)
 
Hammond, D. (2019). Communicating thc levels and ‘dose’ to consumers: implications for product labelling and packaging of cannabis products in regulated markets. International Journal of Drug Policy, 91, 102509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.07.004(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.07.004)
 
Hand, A., Blake, A., Kerrigan, P., Samuel, P., & Friedberg, J. (2016). History of medical cannabis. Journal of Pain Management, 9(4), 387-394. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316545890_History_of_medical_cannabis(https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316545890_History_of_medical_cannabis)
 
Hartogsohn, I. (2017). Constructing drug effects: A history of set and setting. Drug Science, Policy and Law, 3. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324516683325(https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324516683325)
 
Hendrickson, R. G., McKeown, N. J., Kusin, S. G., & Lopez, A. M. (2020). Acute cannabis toxicity in older adults. Toxicology Communications, 4(1), 67-70. https://doi.org/10.1080/24734306.2020.1852821(https://doi.org/10.1080/24734306.2020.1852821)
 
Hudak, M., Severn, D., & Nordstrom, K. (2015). Edible cannabis–induced psychosis: Intoxication and beyond. American Journal of Psychiatry, 172(9), 911-912. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15030358(https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15030358)
 
Huestis, M. A. (2007). Human cannabinoid pharmacokinetics. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 4(8), 1770–1804. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200790152(https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200790152)
 
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Levinsohn, E. A., & Hill, K. P. (2020). Clinical uses of cannabis and cannabinoids in the united states. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 411, 116717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.116717(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.116717)
 
MacCallum, C. A., & Russo, E. B. (2018). Practical considerations in medical cannabis administration and dosing. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 49, 12-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2018.01.004(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2018.01.004)
 
Molly, C., Mory, O., Basset, T., & Patural, H. (2012). Acute cannabis poisoning in a 10-month-old infant. Archives de pediatrie: Organe Officiel de la Societe Francaise de Pediatrie, 19(7), 729-732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcped.2012.04.018(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcped.2012.04.018)
 
Murphy, K. (2017). “Greening out” Treating cannabis-related problems in the ed. Nursing Made Incredibly Easy!, 15(6), 47-50. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NME.0000521808.84893.e7(https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NME.0000521808.84893.e7)
 
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Richards, J. R., Smith, N. E., & Moulin, A. K. (2017). Unintentional cannabis ingestion in children: A systematic review. The Journal of Pediatrics, 190, 142-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.07.005(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.07.005)
 
Rock, E. M., Bolognini, D., Limebeer, C. L., Cascio, M. G., Anavi-Goffer, S., Fletcher, P. J., Mechoulam, R., Pertwee, R. G., & Parker, L. A. (2013). Cannabidiol, a non-intoxicating component of cannabis, suppresses nausea and vomiting in rats and shrews. University of Guelph, Institute for Community Engaged Scholarship. https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10214/5491/Parker%20-%20Cannib(https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10214/5491/Parker%20-%20Cannibidiol%20a%20non-psychotropic%20component.pdf?sequence=3)idiol%20a%20non-psychotropic%20component.pdf?sequence=3(https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10214/5491/Parker%20-%20Cannibidiol%20a%20non-psychotropic%20component.pdf?sequence=3)
 
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Question 11

Drug use when facing stress

Accepted Answer

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Robins, L. N. (1974). The Vietnam drug user returns: Final report, September 1973. US Government Printing Office. 
 
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Rossi, D., Singh, D. Z., Pawlowicz, M. P., Touzé, G., Bolyard, M., Mateu-Gelabert, P., Sandoval, M., & Friedman, S. R. (2011). Changes in time-use and drug use by youngadults in poor neighbourhoods of greater buenos aires, argentina, after the political transitions of 2001-2002: Results of a survey. Harm Reduction Journal, 8(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-8-2(https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-8-2)
 
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Question 12

How to buy cannabis and how to read a cannabis label

Accepted Answer

Government of Canada. (2020). What you need to know about cannabis. https://www.canada.ca/en/services/health/campaigns/cannabis/canadians.html(https://www.canada.ca/en/services/health/campaigns/cannabis/canadians.html)
 
Government of Canada. (2021). Authorized cannabis retailers in the provinces and territories. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/laws-regulati(https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/laws-regulations/provinces-territories.html)ons/provinces-territories.html(https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/laws-regulations/provinces-territories.html)
 
Hahn, R. A., Middleton, J. C., Elder, R., Brewer, R., Fielding, J., Naimi, T. S., Toomey, T. L., Chattopadhyay, S., Lawrence, B., Campbell, C. A., & Community Preventive Services Task Force. (2012). Effects of alcohol retail privatization on excessive alcohol consumption and related harms: A community guide systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 42(4), 418-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.01.002(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.01.002)
 
How to read a label. (2020). Tweed. https://www.tweed.com/en/vault/articles/how-to-read-a-cannabis-label(https://www.tweed.com/en/vault/articles/how-to-read-a-cannabis-label)
 
Legal vs. Illegal: Inside canada’s marketplace. (2020). Responsible Cannabis Use. https://thercu.org/blogs/blog/legal-vs-illegal-inside-canada-s-cannabis-marketplace(https://thercu.org/blogs/blog/legal-vs-illegal-inside-canada-s-cannabis-marketplace)
 
Macdonald, A. (2018). Cannabis is now legal in canada! What is still illegal? (Part II). Right Legal https://www.rightlegal.ca/canada-cannabis-illegal-part2/(https://www.rightlegal.ca/canada-cannabis-illegal-part2/)
 
Myran, D. T., Chen, J. T., Giesbrecht, N., Rees, V. W. (2019). The association between alcohol access and alcohol-attributable emergency department visits in ontario, canada. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 114(7), 1183–1191. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14597(https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14597)
 
Myran, D. T., Staykov, E., Cantor, N., Taljaard, M., Quach, B. I., Hawken, S., & Tanuseputro, P. (2021). How has access to legal cannabis changed over time? an analysis of the cannabis retail market in canada 2 years following the legalisation of recreational cannabis. Drug and Alcohol Review, 41(2), 377-385. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.13351(https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.13351)
 
Nunavut - Department of Finance. (2021). Cannabis. https://gov.nu.ca/finance/information/cannabis(https://gov.nu.ca/finance/information/cannabis)
 
Ontario. (2019). Buying recreational cannabis. https://www.ontario.ca/page/buying-recreational-cannabis(https://www.ontario.ca/page/buying-recreational-cannabis)
 
Ontario Cannabis Store. (2020). A Year in review-2019-2020: Ontario's first full year of legal cannabis operations. https://regulatorwatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Cannabis-OCS-InsightsReport_20(https://regulatorwatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Cannabis-OCS-InsightsReport_2019-2020.pdf)19-2020.pdf(https://regulatorwatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Cannabis-OCS-InsightsReport_2019-2020.pdf)
 
Ontario Cannabis Store. (n.d.). Reading a cannabis label. https://ocs.ca/blogs/choosing-cannabis-products/reading-a-cannabis-product-label(https://ocs.ca/blogs/choosing-cannabis-products/reading-a-cannabis-product-label)
 
Prince Edward Island. (2018). Cannabis policy, legislation and regulation. https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/en/information/cannabis-policy-legislation-and-regulA(https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/en/information/cannabis-policy-legislation-and-regulation)tion(https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/en/information/cannabis-policy-legislation-and-regulation)
 
Rotermann, M. (2019). National cannabis survey 2nd quarter. Statistics Canada. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/11-627-M2019057(https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/11-627-M2019057)
 
Rotermann, M. (2021). Looking back from 2020, how cannabis use and related behaviours changed in canada. Health Reports, 32(4), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.25318/82-003-x202100400001-eng(https://doi.org/10.25318/82-003-x202100400001-eng)
 
Statistics Canada. (2019). The retail cannabis market in canada: A portrait of the first year. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-621-m/11-621-m2019005-eng.htm(https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-621-m/11-621-m2019005-eng.htm)
 
Wadsworth, E., Driezen, P., & Hammond, D. (2021). Retail availability and legal purchases of dried flower in canada post-legalization. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 225, 108794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108794(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108794)
 
Where can I buy recreational cannabis in canada? (2019). BudHubCanada. https://budhubcanada.ca/where-can-i-buy-legal-recreational-cannabis-in-canada/(https://budhubcanada.ca/where-can-i-buy-legal-recreational-cannabis-in-canada/)
 
Where to buy legal cannabis online in canada. (2020). Namaste. https://www.namaste.ca/blog/buy-marijuana-online-canada/(https://www.namaste.ca/blog/buy-marijuana-online-canada/)

Question 13

Mixing cannabis with other substances

Accepted Answer

Alberta Health Services. (2020). Tobacco reduction program. https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Alberta/Pages/Using-cannabis-and-tobacco-together.aspx(https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Alberta/Pages/Using-cannabis-and-tobacco-together.aspx)
 
Alston, E. (2020). What happens when you mix xanax and marijuana. The Recovery Village. https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/xanax-addiction/xanax-and-weed/(https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/xanax-addiction/xanax-and-weed/)
 
Alston, L. (2021). Cbd and xanax: Can you take them together? CFAH. https://cfah.org/cbd-and-xanax/(https://cfah.org/cbd-and-xanax/)
 
Carter, A. (2019). What really happens when you mix alcohol and weed? Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/alcohol-and-weed(https://www.healthline.com/health/alcohol-and-weed)
 
Christiansen, T. (2020). Can you mix weed and cocaine? The Recovery Village. https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/cocaine-addiction/cocaine-and-weed/(https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/cocaine-addiction/cocaine-and-weed/)
 
Dangers of combining marijuana and lsd. (2018). Skywood Recovery. https://skywoodrecovery.com/marijuana/dangers-of-combining-marijuana-and-lsd/(https://skywoodrecovery.com/marijuana/dangers-of-combining-marijuana-and-lsd/)
 
DeVito, L. (2017). Cb1 and cb2: Different cannabinoid receptors in the brain. LabRoots. https://www.labroots.com/trending/health-and-medicine/7420/cb1-cb2-cannabinoid-recept(https://www.labroots.com/trending/health-and-medicine/7420/cb1-cb2-cannabinoid-receptors-brain)ors-brain(https://www.labroots.com/trending/health-and-medicine/7420/cb1-cb2-cannabinoid-receptors-brain)
 
Goodwin, R. D., Pacek, L. R., Copeland, J., Moeller, S. J., Dierker, L., Weinberger, A., Gbedemah, M., Zvolensky, M. J., Wall, M. M., & Hasin, D. S. (2018). Trends in daily cannabis use among cigarette smokers: United states, 2002–2014. American Journal of Public Health, 108(1), 137-142. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304050(https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304050)
 
Haney, M., Bedi, G., Cooper, Z. D., Glass, A., Vosburg, S. K., Comer, S. D., & Foltin, R. W. (2013). Predictors of marijuana relapse in the human laboratory: Robust impact of tobacco cigarette smoking status. Biological Psychiatry (1969), 73(3), 242-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.07.028(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.07.028)
 
Henry, J. A., Oldfield, W. L. G., & Kon, O. M. (2003). Comparing cannabis with tobacco: Smoking cannabis, like smoking tobacco, can be a major public health hazard. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 326(7396), 942-943. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.326.7396.942(https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.326.7396.942)
 
Hindocha, C., Brose, L. S., Walsh, H., & Cheeseman, H. (2021). Cannabis use and co‐use in tobacco smokers and non‐smokers: Prevalence and associations with mental health in a cross‐sectional, nationally representative sample of adults in great britain, 2020. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 116(8), 2209-2219. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15381(https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15381)
 
How do you look after someone who is ‘greening out’ on cannabis? ( 2014). Drug and Alcohol Research and Training Australia. https://darta.net.au/wordpress-content/uploads/2015/01/YPID-GREENING-OUT.pdf(https://darta.net.au/wordpress-content/uploads/2015/01/YPID-GREENING-OUT.pdf)
 
Hutchison, S. (2021). The effects of mixing marijuana and ecstasy. River Oaks Treatment. https://riveroakstreatment.com/marijuana-abuse/mixing-with-ecstasy/(https://riveroakstreatment.com/marijuana-abuse/mixing-with-ecstasy/)
 
Isbell, H., & Jasinski, D. R. (1969). A comparison of lsd-25 with (-)-Δ9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (thc) and attempted cross tolerance between lsd and thc. Psychopharmacologia, 14(2), 115-123. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00403684(https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00403684)
 
Iversen, L. (2003). Cannabis and the brain. Brain (London, England : 1878), 126(6), 1252-1270. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awg143(https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awg143)
 
Kossen, J. (2017). How does cannabis interact with other drugs? Leafly. https://www.leafly.ca/news/health/cannabis-cannabinoids-drug-interactions(https://www.leafly.ca/news/health/cannabis-cannabinoids-drug-interactions)
 
LaNeve, N. (2021). Is it safe to mix alcohol & marijuana? The Recovery Village. https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/alcohol-abuse/alcohol-and-marijuana/(https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/alcohol-abuse/alcohol-and-marijuana/)
 
Martin, P., & Consroe, P. (1981). A preliminary study of thc-lsd interactions on rabbit eeg and behavior. Physiological Psychology, 9(2), 219-222. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03332927(https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03332927)
 
McClure, E. A., Rabin, R. A., Lee, D. C., & Hindocha, C. (2020). Treatment implications associated with cannabis and tobacco co-use. Current Addiction Reports, 7(4), 533-544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-020-00334-8(https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-020-00334-8)
 
McDaniel, B. (2020). Why mixing opioids and marijuana to treat chronic pain is dangerous? Asheville Recovery Center. https://www.ashevillerecoverycenter.com/why-mixing-opioids-and-marijuana-to-treat-chronic-pain-is-dangerous/(https://www.ashevillerecoverycenter.com/why-mixing-opioids-and-marijuana-to-treat-chronic-pain-is-dangerous/)
 
Melamede, R. (2005). Cannabis and tobacco smoke are not equally carcinogenic. Harm Reduction Journal, 2(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-2-21(https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-2-21)
 
Meier, E., & Hatsukami, D. K. (2016). A review of the additive health risk of cannabis and tobacco co-use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 166, 6-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.07.013(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.07.013)
 
Mixing marijuana with other drugs. (2020). Aspenridge Recovery. https://www.aspenridgerecoverycenters.com/mixing-marijuana-with-other-drugs/(https://www.aspenridgerecoverycenters.com/mixing-marijuana-with-other-drugs/)
 
Moke: What it is and why it is unhealthy for teens? ( 2018). Newport Academy. https://www.newportacademy.com/resources/substance-abuse/moke-drug-definition-and-r(https://www.newportacademy.com/resources/substance-abuse/moke-drug-definition-and-risks/)isks/(https://www.newportacademy.com/resources/substance-abuse/moke-drug-definition-and-risks/)
 
National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2021). Cocaine drug facts. What is cocaine? https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/cocaine(https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/cocaine)
 
Pacek, L. R., Copeland, J., Dierker, L., Cunningham, C. O., Martins, S. S., & Goodwin, R. D. (2018). Among whom is cigarette smoking declining in the united states? The impact of cannabis use status, 2002–2015. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 191, 355-360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.01.040(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.01.040)
 
Parrott, A. C., Milani, R. M., Gouzoulis-Mayfrank, E., & Daumann, J. (2007). Cannabis and ecstasy/mdma (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine): An analysis of their neuropsychobiological interactions in recreational users. Journal of Neural Transmission, 114(8), 959-968. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-007-0715-7(https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-007-0715-7)
 
Peters, E. N., Budney, A. J., & Carroll, K. M. (2012). Clinical correlates of co‐occurring cannabis and tobacco use: A systematic review. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 107(8), 1404-1417. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03843.x(https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03843.x)
 
Peters, E. N., Schwartz, R. P., Wang, S., O’Grady, K. E., & Blanco, C. (2014). Psychiatric, psychosocial, and physical health correlates of co-occurring cannabis use disorders and nicotine dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 134, 228-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.10.003(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.10.003)
 
Rahn, B. (2015). Why does cannabis cause paranoia in some but helps anxiety in others? Leafly. https://www.leafly.ca/news/cannabis-101/why-does-cannabis-cause-paranoia-and-anxiety(https://www.leafly.ca/news/cannabis-101/why-does-cannabis-cause-paranoia-and-anxiety)
 
Ramo, D. E., Liu, H., & Prochaska, J. J. (2012). Tobacco and marijuana use among adolescents and young adults: A systematic review of their co-use. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(2), 105-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.12.002(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.12.002)
 
Rettner, R. (2016). Mixing the pot? 7 ways marijuana interacts with medicines. LiveScience. https://www.livescience.com/56439-how-marijuana-interacts-with-medicines.html(https://www.livescience.com/56439-how-marijuana-interacts-with-medicines.html)
 
Schauer, G. L., Berg, C. J., Kegler, M. C., Donovan, D. M., & Windle, M. (2015). Differences in tobacco product use among past month adult marijuana users and nonusers: Findings from the 2003–2012 national survey on drug use and Health. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 18(3), 281-288. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntv093(https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntv093)
 
Sidney, S., Beck, J. E., Tekawa, I. S., Quesenberry, C. P., & Friedman, G. D. (1997). Marijuana use and mortality. American Journal of Public Health, 87(4), 585-590. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.87.4.585(https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.87.4.585)
 
Singh, T., Kennedy, S. M., Sharapova, S. S., Schauer, G. L., & Rolle, I. V. (2016). Modes of ever marijuana use among adult tobacco users and non-tobacco users—styles 2014. Journal of Substance Use, 21(6), 631-635. https://doi.org/10.3109/14659891.2015.1122100(https://doi.org/10.3109/14659891.2015.1122100)
 
Statistics Canada. (2017). Canadian tobacco, alcohol and drugs survey. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/canadian-alcohol-drugs-survey/2017-suM(https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/canadian-alcohol-drugs-survey/2017-summary.html)mary.html(https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/canadian-alcohol-drugs-survey/2017-summary.html)
 
Stephens, C. (2017). What should you know about hyperthermia? Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320226(https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320226)
 
Tashkin, D. P., Baldwin, G. C., Sarafian, T., Dubinett, S., Roth, M. D. (2002). Respiratory and immunologic consequences of marijuana smoking. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 42(S1), 71S-81S. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1552-4604.2002.tb06006.x(https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1552-4604.2002.tb06006.x)
 
The dangers of mixing marijuana and cocaine. (2021). Vertava Health. https://vertavahealth.com/polysubstances/marijuana-and-cocaine/(https://vertavahealth.com/polysubstances/marijuana-and-cocaine/)
 
Tucker, J. S., Pedersen, E. R., Seelam, R., Dunbar, M.S., Shih, R. A., & D'Amico, E. J. (2019). Types of cannabis and tobacco/nicotine co-use and associated outcomes in young adulthood. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 33(4), 401-411. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000464(https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000464)
 
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2019). World drug report 2019. https://wdr.unodc.org/wdr2019/(https://wdr.unodc.org/wdr2019/)
 
Wilcox, A. (2019). What happens to your body when you mix weed and tobacco? Herb. https://herb.co/learn/smoke-weed-and-tobacco/(https://herb.co/learn/smoke-weed-and-tobacco/)
 
Wilson, D., R. (2019). Is weed a depressant, stimulant, or hallucinogen? Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/is-weed-a-depressant(https://www.healthline.com/health/is-weed-a-depressant)
 
World Health Organization. (2020). Tobacco. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco(https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco)
 
Van der Kooy, F., Pomahacova, B., & Verpoorte, R. (2009). Cannabis smoke condensate II: Influence of tobacco on tetrahydrocannabinol levels. Inhalation Toxicology, 21(2), 87-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/08958370802187296(https://doi.org/10.1080/08958370802187296)

Question 14

Effects of cannabis use on lung function

Accepted Answer

Abdallah, S. J., Smith, B. M., Ware, M. A., Moore, M., Li, P. Z., Bourbeau, J., & Jensen, D. (2018). Effect of vaporized cannabis on exertional breathlessness and exercise endurance in advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomized controlled trial. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 15(10), 1146-1158. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201803-198OC(https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201803-198OC)
 
Aldington, S., Williams, M., Nowitz, M., Weatherall, M., Pritchard, A., McNaughton, A., Robinson, G., & Beasley, R. (2007). Effects of cannabis on pulmonary structure,function and symptoms. Thorax, 62(12), 1058-1063. https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2006.077081(https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2006.077081)
 
Baczynsky, W. O., & Zimmerman, A. M. (1983a). Effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol and cannabidiol on the immune system in mice. I. In vivo investigation of the primary and secondary immune response. Pharmacology, 26(1), 12-19. https://doi.org/10.1159/000137763(https://doi.org/10.1159/000137763)
 
Baczynsky, W. O., & Zimmerman, A. M. (1983b). Effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol and cannabidiol on the immune system in mice: II. In vitro investigation using cultured mouse splenocytes. Pharmacology, 26(1), 12-19. https://doi.org/10.1159/000137764(https://doi.org/10.1159/000137764)
 
BC Lung Foundation. (2019). Cannabis and Lung Health. https://bclung.ca/how-we-can-help/cannabis-and-lung-health(https://bclung.ca/how-we-can-help/cannabis-and-lung-health)
 
Biles, M. (2019). Cannabis & the immune system: A complex balancing act. Project CBD. https://www.projectcbd.org/science/cannabis-and-immune-system(https://www.projectcbd.org/science/cannabis-and-immune-system)
 
CDC. (2018). Marijuana and public health: Immune function. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/marijuana/nas/immune-function.html(https://www.cdc.gov/marijuana/nas/immune-function.html)
 
Coggans, N., Dalgarno, P., Johnson, L., & Shewan, D. (2020). Long-term heavy cannabis use: Implications for health education. Drugs: Education Prevention and Policy, 11(4), 299-313. https://doi.org/10.108009687630410001687860(https://doi.org/10.108009687630410001687860)
 
Croxford, J. L., & Yamamura, T. (2005). Cannabinoids and the immune system: potential for the treatment of inflammatory diseases? Journal of Neuroimmunology, 166(1-2), 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.04.023(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.04.023)
 
Dax, E.M., Pilotte, N.S., Adler, W.H., Nagel, J.E., & Lange, W. R. (1989). The effects of 9-ene-tetrahydrocannabinol on hormone release and immune function. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry, 34(1-6), 263-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4731(89)90090-3(https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4731(89)90090-3)
 
Earleywine, M., & Barnwell, S. S. (2007). Decreased respiratory symptoms in cannabis users who vaporize. Harm Reduction Journal, 4(11). https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-4-11(https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-4-11)
 
Gates, P., Jaffe, A., & Copeland, J. (2014). Cannabis smoking and respiratory health: Consideration of the literature. Respirology, 19(5), 655-662. https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.12298(https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.12298)
 
Hancox, R. J., Poulton, R., Ely, M., Welch, D., Taylor, D. R., McLachlan, C. R., Greene, J. M., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., & Sears, M. R. (2010). Effects of cannabis on lung function: A population-based cohort study. The European Respiratory Journal, 35(1), 42–47. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00065009(https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00065009)
 
He, T., Oks, M., Esposito, M., Steinberg, H., & Makaryus, M. (2017). “Tree-in-bloom”: Severe acute lung injury induced by vaping cannabis oil. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201612-974LE(https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201612-974LE)
 
Hui-ChihWu, J. (2014). Evidence brief: Communicable disease impacts of sharing electronic-cigarettes with drip tips. Public Health Ontario. https://www.publichealthontario.ca/-/media/documents/eb-ecig-communicable-driptip.pdf(https://www.publichealthontario.ca/-/media/documents/eb-ecig-communicable-driptip.pdf?la=en)?la=en(https://www.publichealthontario.ca/-/media/documents/eb-ecig-communicable-driptip.pdf?la=en)
 
Joshi, M., Joshi, A., & Bartter, T. (2014). Marijuana and lung diseases. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine, 20(2), 173-179. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0000000000000026(https://doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0000000000000026)
 
Keen, L., 2nd, Abbate, A., Blanden, G., Priddie, C., Moeller, F. G., & Rathore, M. (2017). Confirmed marijuana use and lymphocyte count in black people living with hiv. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 180, 22–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.07.026 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.07.026)(Retraction published Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019 May 1;198:199)
 
Klein, T. W., & Friedman, H. (1990). Modulation of murine immune cell function by marijuana components. In R. R. Watson (Ed.), Drugs of Abuse and Immune Function, (pp. 87-112). CRC Press. https://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=5ePEDE1-r5YC&oi=fnd&pg=PA87&dq=K(https://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=5ePEDE1-r5YC&oi=fnd&pg=PA87&dq=Klein+and+Friedman,+1990+immune&ots=_Jh7HBFTTJ&sig=hFM-xogPK0HMXqIPGhHtw5M0-hg#v=onepage&q=Klein%20and%20Friedman%2C%201990%20immune&f=false)lein+and+Friedman,+1990+immune&ots=_Jh7HBFTTJ&sig=hFM-xogPK0HMXqIPGh(https://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=5ePEDE1-r5YC&oi=fnd&pg=PA87&dq=Klein+and+Friedman,+1990+immune&ots=_Jh7HBFTTJ&sig=hFM-xogPK0HMXqIPGhHtw5M0-hg#v=onepage&q=Klein%20and%20Friedman%2C%201990%20immune&f=false)Htw5M0-hg#v=onepage&q=Klein%20and%20Friedman%2C%201990%20immune&f=f(https://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=5ePEDE1-r5YC&oi=fnd&pg=PA87&dq=Klein+and+Friedman,+1990+immune&ots=_Jh7HBFTTJ&sig=hFM-xogPK0HMXqIPGhHtw5M0-hg#v=onepage&q=Klein%20and%20Friedman%2C%201990%20immune&f=false)alse(https://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=5ePEDE1-r5YC&oi=fnd&pg=PA87&dq=Klein+and+Friedman,+1990+immune&ots=_Jh7HBFTTJ&sig=hFM-xogPK0HMXqIPGhHtw5M0-hg#v=onepage&q=Klein%20and%20Friedman%2C%201990%20immune&f=false)
 
Klein, T. W., Friedman, H., Specter, S. (1998, March 15). Marijuana, immunity, and infection. The Journal of Neuroimmunology, 83(1-2), 102-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-5728(97)00226-9(https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-5728(97)00226-9)
 
Klein, T. W., Newton, C., & Friedman, H. (1986). Inhibition of natural killer cell function by marijuana components. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 20(4), 321- 332. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287398709530986(https://doi.org/10.1080/15287398709530986)
 
Lee, M. H. S., & Hancox, R. J. (2011). Effects of smoking cannabis on lung function. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 5(4), 537-547. https://doi.org/10.1586/ers.11.40(https://doi.org/10.1586/ers.11.40)
 
Marcellin, F., Lions, C., Rosenthal, E., Roux, P., Sogni, P., Wittkop, L., Protopopescu, C., Spire, B., Salmon-Ceron, D., Dabis, F., Carrieri, M. P., & HEPAVIH ANRS CO13 StudyGroup (2017). No significant effect of cannabis use on the count and percentage of circulating cd4 t-cells in hiv-hcv co-infected patients (anrs co13-hepavih french cohort). Drug and Alcohol Review, 36(2), 227–238. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12398(https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12398)
 
Martin, R., Safaee, S. D., Somsamouth, K., Mounivong, B., Sinclair, R., Bansal, S., & Singh,P. N. (2013). Mixed methods pilot study of sharing behaviors among waterpipe smokers of rural lao pdr: Implications for infectious disease transmission. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(6), 2120-2132. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10062120(https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10062120)
 
McInnis, O. A., & Plecas, D. (2016). Clearing the smoke on cannabis: Respiratory effects of cannabis smoking: An update. Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-04/CCSA-Cannabis-Use-Respiratory-Effects-(https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-04/CCSA-Cannabis-Use-Respiratory-Effects-Report-2016-en.pdf)Report-2016-en.pdf(https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-04/CCSA-Cannabis-Use-Respiratory-Effects-Report-2016-en.pdf)
 
Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Medicinal Cannabis Research. (2018).What effects does smoking cannabis have on the respiratory system? McMaster University MDCMCR. https://cannabisresearch.mcmaster.ca/news/2018/04/27/cannabis-smoking-and-effects-on-the-respiratory-system(https://cannabisresearch.mcmaster.ca/news/2018/04/27/cannabis-smoking-and-effects-on-the-respiratory-system)
 
Molina, P. E., Amedee, A. M., LeCaptaine, N. J., Zabaleta, J., Mohan, M., Winsauer, J., Vande Stouwe, C., McGoey, R. R., Auten, M. W., LaMotte, L., Chandra, L. C., & Birke, L. L. (2014). Modulation of gut-specific mechanisms by chronic Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol administration in male rhesus macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus: A systems biology analysis. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 30(6), 567-578. https://doi.org/10.1089/aid.2013.0182(https://doi.org/10.1089/aid.2013.0182)
 
Molina, P. E., Winsauer, P., Zhang, P., Walker, E., Birke, L., Amedee, A., Stouwe, C. V., Troxclair, D., McGoey, R., Varner, K., Byerley, L., & LaMotte, L. (2011). Cannabinoid administration attenuates the progression of simian immunodeficiency virus. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 27(6), 585–592. https://doi.org/10.1089/aid.2010.0218(https://doi.org/10.1089/aid.2010.0218)
 
Munckhof, W. J., Konstantinos, A., Wamsley, M., Mortlock, M., & Gilpin, C. (2003). A cluster of tuberculosis associated with use of a marijuana water pipe. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 7(9), 860–865. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12971670/(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12971670/)
 
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice; Committee on the Health Effects of Marijuana: An Evidence Review and Research Agenda. (2017). The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2017 Jan 12. https://doi.org/10.17226/24625(https://doi.org/10.17226/24625)
 
National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2019). What are marijuana's effects on lung health? https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/marijuana/what-are-marijuanas-effects-lung-health(https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/marijuana/what-are-marijuanas-effects-lung-health)
 
Papatheodorou, S. I., Buettner, H., Rice, M. B., & Mittleman, M. A. (2016). Recent marijuana use and associations with exhaled nitric oxide and pulmonary function in adults in the united states. Chest, 149(6), 1428-1435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2015.12.033(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2015.12.033)
 
Patel, V., Borysenko, M., Kumar, M. S. A., & Millard, W.J. (1985). Effects of acute and subchronic Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol administration on the plasma catecholamine, β-endorphin, and corticosterone levels and splenic natural killer cell activity in rats. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 180(2), 400–404. https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-180-42195(https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-180-42195)
 
Pletcher, M. J., Vittinghoff, E., Kalhan, R., Richman, J., Safford, M., Sidney, S., Lin, F., & Kertesz, S. (2012). Association between marijuana exposure and pulmonary function over 20 years. JAMA, 307(2), 173–181. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1961(https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1961)
 
Ribeiro, L., & Ind, P. (2016). S127 effect of cannabis smoking on the development of bullous lung disease: A structured literature review. Thorax, 71, A74-A76. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-209333.133(https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-209333.133)
 
Statistics Canada. (2018). Canadian tobacco, alcohol and drugs (ctads) survey: 2017 detailed tables. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/canadian-tobacco-alcohol-drugs-survey/2(https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/canadian-tobacco-alcohol-drugs-survey/2017-summary/2017-detailed-tables.html#t16)017-summary/2017-detailed-tables.html#t16(https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/canadian-tobacco-alcohol-drugs-survey/2017-summary/2017-detailed-tables.html#t16)
 
Tan, W.C., Lo, C., Jong, A., Xing, L., FitzGerald, M.J., Vollmer, W.M., Buist, S.A., & Sin, D.D. (2009). Marijuana and chronic obstructive lung disease: A population-based study. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association Journal, 180(8), 814-820. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.081040(https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.081040)
 
Tashkin, D.P. & Roth, M.D. (2019). Pulmonary effects of inhaled cannabis smoke. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 45(6), 596-609. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2019.1627366(https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2019.1627366)
 
Taylor, D. R., Fergusson, D. M., Milne, B. J., Horwood, L. J., Moffitt, T. E., Sears, M. R., & Poulton, R. (2002). A longitudinal study of the effects of tobacco and cannabis exposure on lung function in young adults. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 97(8), 1055–1061. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00169.x(https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00169.x)
 
Tetrault, J.M., Crothers, K., Moore, B.A., Mehra, R., Concato, &  J., Fiellin, D.A. (2007). Effects of marijuana smoking on pulmonary function and respiratory complications: A systematic review. Archives of Internal Medicine, 167(3), 221–228. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.167.3.221(https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.167.3.221)
 
Thu, K., Hayes, M., Miles, S., Tierney, L., & Foy, A. (2013). Marijuana 'bong' smoking and tuberculosis. Internal Medicine Journal, 43(4), 456–458. https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.12089(https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.12089)
 
Van Dam, N. T., & Earleywine, M. (2010). Pulmonary function in cannabis users: Support for a clinical trial of the vaporizer. International Journal on Drug Policy, 21(6), 511–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2010.04.001(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2010.04.001)
 
Wu, T. C., Tashkin, D. P., Djahed, B., & Rose, J. E. (1988). Pulmonary hazards of smoking marijuana as compared with tobacco. The New England Journal of Medicine, 318(6), 347–351. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198802113180603(https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198802113180603)

Question 15

Effects of cannabis use on driving

Accepted Answer

Asbridge, M., Hayden, J. A., & Cartwright, J. L. (2012). Acute cannabis consumption and motor vehicle collision risk: Systematic review of observational studies and meta-analysis. BMJ (Online), 344, e536. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e536 (https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e536)
 
Downey, L. A., King, R., Papafotiou, K., Swann, P., Ogden, E., Boorman, M., & Stough, C. (2013). The effects of cannabis and alcohol on simulated driving: Influences of dose and experience. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 50, 879-886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2012.07.016 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2012.07.016)
 
Fischer, B., Jeffries, V., Hall, W., Room, R., Goldner, E., & Rehm, J. (2011). Lower risk cannabis use guidelines for canada (lrcug): A narrative review of evidence and recommendations. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 102(5), 324-327. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03404169(https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03404169)
 
Fischer, B., Russell, C., Sabioni, P., van den Brink, W., Le Foll, B., Hall, W., Rehm, J., & Room, R. (2017). Lower-risk cannabis use guidelines: A comprehensive update ofevidence and recommendations. American Journal of Public Health (1971), 107(8), E1-E12. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303818 (https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303818)
 
Hall, W. (2018). How should we respond to cannabis‐impaired driving? Drug and Alcohol Review, 37(1), 3-5. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12651 (https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12651)
 
Hall, W., & Homel, R. (2007). [commentary] Reducing cannabis‐impaired driving: Is there sufficient evidence for drug testing of drivers? Addiction (Abingdon, England), 102(12), 1918-1919. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02042.x (https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02042.x)
 
Jones, C. B., Meier, M. H., & Pardini, D. A. (2018). Comparison of the locations where young adults smoke, vape, and eat/drink cannabis: Implications for harm reduction. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 8, 140-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2018.09.002(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2018.09.002)
 
Lake, S., Kerr, T., Werb, D., Haines‐Saah, R., Fischer, B., Thomas, G., Walsh, Z., Ware, M. A., Wood, E., & Milloy, M. (2019). Guidelines for public health and safety metrics to evaluate the potential harms and benefits of cannabis regulation in canada. Drug and Alcohol Review, 38(6), 606-621. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12971 (https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12971) 
 
Laumon, B., Gadegbeku, B., Martin, J., Biecheler, M., & SAM Group. (2005). Cannabis intoxication and fatal road crashes in france: Population based case-control study. BMJ, 331(7529), 1371-1374. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38648.617986.1F (https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38648.617986.1F)
 
Richer, I., & Bergeron, J. (2009). Driving under the influence of cannabis: Links with dangerous driving, psychological predictors, and accident involvement. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 41(2), 299-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2008.12.004 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2008.12.004)
 
Shiplo, S., Asbridge, M., Leatherdale, S. T., & Hammond, D. (2016). Medical cannabis use in canada: Vapourization and modes of delivery. Harm Reduction Journal, 13(1), 30-30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-016-0119-9(https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-016-0119-9)
 
Wettlaufer, A., Florica, R. O., Asbridge, M., Beirness, D., Brubacher, J., Callaghan, R., Fischer, B., Gmel, G., Imtiaz, S., Mann, R. E., McKiernan, A., & Rehm, J. (2017). Estimating the harms and costs of cannabis-attributable collisions in the canadian provinces. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 173, 185-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.12.024(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.12.024)

Question 16

Someone you know consumes cannabis

Accepted Answer

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596(https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596)
 
Anthony, J. C, & Helzer, J. E. (1991). Syndromes of drug abuse and dependence. In Robins, L. N, & Regier, D. A. (eds). Psychiatric disorders in america. (pp. 116-154). New York. Free Press. McMillan.
 
Arendt, M., Rosenberg, R., Foldager, L., Perto, G., & Munk-Jørgensen, P. (2005). Cannabis-induced psychosis and subsequent schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: Follow-up study of 535 incident cases. British Journal of Psychiatry, 187(6), 510-515. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.187.6.510(https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.187.6.510)
 
Arkowitz, H., & Lilienfeld, S. (2021, March 1). Experts tell the truth about pot. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-truth-about-pot/(https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-truth-about-pot/)
 
Barnwell, S. S., Earleywine, M., & Wilcox, R. (2006). Cannabis, motivation, and life satisfaction in an internet sample. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention and Policy, 1(1), 2-2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-597X-1-2(https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-597X-1-2)
 
Bloomfield, M. A. P., Morgan, C. J. A., Kapur, S., Curran, H. V., & Howes, O. D. (2014). The link between dopamine function and apathy in cannabis users: An [18f]-Dopa pet imaging study. Psychopharmacology, 231(11), 2251-2259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-014-3523-4(https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-014-3523-4)
 
Birchard, K. (2001). Cannabis weakens immune system, may cause mental illness: Cannabis today much more potent than in past. The Medical Post, 37(7), 59. https://www.proquest.com/trade-journals/cannabis-weakens-immune-system-may-cause-m(https://www.proquest.com/trade-journals/cannabis-weakens-immune-system-may-cause-mental/docview/228747678/se-2?accountid=11530)ental/docview/228747678/se-2?accountid=11530(https://www.proquest.com/trade-journals/cannabis-weakens-immune-system-may-cause-mental/docview/228747678/se-2?accountid=11530)
 
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Campolongo, P., Trezza, V., Cassano, T., Gaetani, S., Morgese, M. G., Ubaldi, M., Soverchia, L., Antonelli, T., Ferraro, L., Massi, M., Ciccocioppo, R., & Cuomo, V. (2007). Perinatal exposure to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol causes enduring cognitive deficits associated with alteration of cortical gene expression and neurotransmission in rats. Addiction Biology, 12(3). 485-495. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1369-1600.2007.00074.x(https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1369-1600.2007.00074.x)
 
Carney, R., Cotter, J., Firth, J., Bradshaw, T., & Yung, A. R. (2017). Cannabis use and symptom severity in individuals at ultra high risk for psychosis: A meta‐analysis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 136(1), 5-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12699(https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12699)
 
Compton, D. R., Dewey, W. L., & Martin, B. R. (1990). Cannabis dependence and tolerance production. Advances in Alcohol & Substance Abuse, 9(1-2), 129-147. https://doi.org/10.1300/J251v09n01_08(https://doi.org/10.1300/J251v09n01_08)
 
Cox, R. G., Zhang, L., Johnson, W. D., & Bender, D. R. (2007). Academic performance and substance use: From a state survey of public high school students. Journal of School Health, 77(3), 109-115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2007.00179.x(https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2007.00179.x)
 
Degenhardt, L., Chiu, W. T., Sampson, N., Kessler, R. C., Anthony, J. C. (2007). Epidemiological patterns of extra-medical drug use in the united states: Evidence from the national comorbidity survey replication, 2001–2003. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 90(2), 210–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.03.007(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.03.007)
 
Dreher, M. (2002). Crack heads and roots daughters: The therapeutic use of cannabis in jamaica. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics, 2(3-4), 121-133. https://doi.org/10.1300/J175v02n03_08(https://doi.org/10.1300/J175v02n03_08)
 
Dryfoos, J. G. (1990). Adolescents at risk: Prevalence and prevention. New York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195072686.001.0001(https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195072686.001.0001)
 
Duncan, D. F. (1987). Lifetime prevalence of “amotivational syndrome” among users and nonusers of hashish. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 1(2), 114-119. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.1.2.114(https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.1.2.114)
 
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Fergusson, D. M., & Boden, J. M. (2008). Cannabis use and later life outcomes. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 103(6), 969-976. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02221.x(https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02221.x)
 
Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Beautrais, A. L. (2003). Cannabis and educational achievement. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 98(12), 1681–1692. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2003.00573.x(https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2003.00573.x)
 
Finn, K. V. (2012). Marijuana use at school and achievement-linked behaviors. The High School Journal, 95(3), 3-13. https://doi.org/10.1353/hsj.2012.0005(https://doi.org/10.1353/hsj.2012.0005)
 
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Guimarães, F. S., Chiaretti, T. M., Graeff, F. G., and Zuardi, A. W. (1990). Antianxiety effect of cannabidiol in the elevated plus-maze. Psychopharmacology, 100(4), 558–559. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02244012(https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02244012)
 
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Hartney, E. (2021). Recognize the symptoms of marijuana addiction. VeryWellMind. https://www.verywellmind.com/characteristics-of-marijuana-addiction-22298(https://www.verywellmind.com/characteristics-of-marijuana-addiction-22298)
 
Hasin, D. S., O'Brien, C. P., Auriacombe, M., Borges, G., Bucholz, K., Budney, A., Compton, W. M., Crowley, T., Ling, W., Petry, N. M., Schuckit, M., & Grant, B. F. (2013). Dsm-5 criteria for substance use disorders: Recommendations and rationale. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(8), 834-851. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12060782(https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12060782)
 
Hasin, D. S., Saha, T. D., Kerridge, B. T., Goldstein, R. B., Chou, S. P., Zhang, H., Jung, J., Pickering, R. P., Ruan, W. J., Smith, S. M., Huang, B., & Grant, B. F. (2015). Prevalence of marijuana use disorders in the united states between 2001-2002 and 2012-2013. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(12), 1235-1242. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1858(https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1858)
 
Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., & Miller, J. Y. (1992). Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 64-105. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.64(https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.64)
 
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Subbaraman, M. S. (2014). Can cannabis be considered a substitute medication for alcohol? Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford), 49(3), 292-298. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agt182(https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agt182)
 
Suresh, K. (2011). An overview of randomization techniques: An unbiased assessment of outcome in clinical research. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences, 4(1), 8-11. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-1208.82352(https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-1208.82352)
 
Szoke, A., Galliot, A., Richard, J., Ferchiou, A., Baudin, G., Leboyer, M., & Schürhoff, F. (2014). Association between cannabis use and schizotypal dimensions –A meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies. Psychiatry Research, 219(1), 58-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.05.008(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.05.008)
 
Timmins, B. (2017). Cannabis users are more successful and satisfied, finds new study. Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/cannabis-users-success-satisfied-marijuana-weed(https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/cannabis-users-success-satisfied-marijuana-weed-study-well-adjusted-rich-a7792991.htmlV)-study-well-adjusted-rich-a7792991.html(https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/cannabis-users-success-satisfied-marijuana-weed-study-well-adjusted-rich-a7792991.htmlV)
 
Voelkl, K. E., & Frone, M. R. (2000). Predictors of substance use at school among high school students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92(3), 583-592. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-0663.92.3.583(https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.92.3.583)
 
Watkins. M., (2020). Marijuana (Weed, cannabis) Overdose symptoms, signs & treatment. American Addictions Centers. https://drugabuse.com/drugs/marijuana/overdose/(https://drugabuse.com/drugs/marijuana/overdose/)
 
Wiesbeck, G. A., Schuckit, M. A., Kalmijn, J. A., Tipp, J. E., Bucholz, K. K., & Smith, T. L. (1996). An evaluation of the history of a marijuana withdrawal syndrome in a large population. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 91(10), 1469-1478. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8917915/(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8917915/)
 
World Health Organization. (2016). The health and social effects of nonmedical cannabis use. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/251056(https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/251056)
 
World Health Organization (WHO). (2016). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems - Tenth revision (ICD-10). https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/246208/9789241549165-V3-eng.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y(https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/246208/9789241549165-V3-eng.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y)

Question 17

Impact of price, public health information, socialization and social stigma on drug use

Accepted Answer

Adlaf, E. M., Hamilton, H. A., Wu, F., & Noh, S. (2009). Adolescent stigma towards drug addiction: Effects of age and drug use behaviour. Addictive Behaviors, 34(4), 360–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.11.012(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.11.012)
 
Botvin, G. J., & Griffin, K. W. (2007). School-based programmes to prevent alcohol, tobacco and other drug use. International Review of Psychiatry (Abingdon, England), 19(6), 607–615. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260701797753(https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260701797753)
 
Bränström, R., Sjöström, E., & Andréasson, S. (2007). Individual, group and community risk and protective factors for alcohol and drug use among swedish adolescents. European Journal of Public Health, 18(1), 12–18. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckm038(https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckm038)
 
Chaloupka, F. J., Grossman, M., & Saffer, H. (2002). The effects of price on alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems. Alcohol Research & Health: The Journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 26(1), 22–34. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12154648/(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12154648/)
 
Chaloupka, F. J., & Wechsler, H. (1996). Binge drinking in college: The impact of price, availability, and alcohol control policies. Contemporary Economic Policy, 14(4), 112–124. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.1996.tb00638.x(https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.1996.tb00638.x)
 
Farrelly, M. C., Bray, J. W., Zarkin, G. A., & Wendling, B. W. (2001). The joint demand for cigarettes and marijuana: Evidence from the national household surveys on drug abuse. Journal of Health Economics, 20(1), 51–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6296(00)00067-9(https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6296(00)00067-9)
 
Grossman, M. (2005). Individual behaviours and substance use: The role of price. In B. lindgren & M. grossman (Eds.), Substance Use: Individual Behaviour, Social Interactions, Markets and Politics. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-2199(05)16002-6(https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-2199(05)16002-6)
 
Grossman, M., Chaloupka, F. J., Saffer, H., & Laixuthai, A. (1994). Effects of alcohol price policy on youth: A summary of economic research. Journal of Research on Adolescence (Lawrence Erlbaum), 4(2), 347–364. https://doi.org/10.3386/w4385(https://doi.org/10.3386/w4385)
 
Hathaway, A. D., Comeau, N. C., & Erickson, P. G. (2011). Cannabis normalization and stigma: Contemporary practices of moral regulation. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 11(5), 451–469. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895811415345(https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895811415345)
 
Kuo, M., Wechsler, H., Greenberg, P., & Lee, H. (2003). The marketing of alcohol to college students: The role of low prices and special promotions. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 25(3), 204–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(03)00200-9(https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(03)00200-9)
 
Leverett, M., Ashe, M., Gerard, S., Jenson, J., & Woollery, T. (2002). Tobacco use: The impact of prices. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 30(3), 88–95. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12508509/(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12508509/)
 
Parker, H., & Egginton, R. (2002). Adolescent recreational alcohol and drugs careers gone wrong: developing a strategy for reducing risks and harms. International Journal of Drug Policy, 13(5), 419–432. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-3959(02)00154-8(https://doi.org/https:/doi.org/10.1016/S0955-3959(02)00154-8)
 
Rhodes, W., Johnston, P., Han, S., McMullen, Q., & Hozik, L. (2000). Illicit drugs: Price elasticity of demand and supply. Abt Associates. 
 
Stockwell, T., Zhao, J., Giesbrecht, N., Macdonald, S., Thomas, G., & Wettlaufer, A. (2012). The raising of minimum alcohol prices in saskatchewan, canada: Impacts on consumptionand implications for public health. American Journal of Public Health, 102(12), e103–e110. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301094(https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301094)
 
van Ours, J. C., & Williams, J. (2007). Cannabis prices and dynamics of cannabis use. Journal of Health Economics, 26(3), 578–596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2006.10.001(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2006.10.001)
 
Xu, X., & Chaloupka, F. J. (2011). The effects of prices on alcohol use and its consequences. Alcohol Research & Health : The Journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 34(2), 236–245. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22330223(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22330223)

Question 18

Cannabis consumer protections and safety in Canada

Accepted Answer

Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario. (n.d.). First allocation of stores - Expression of interest lottery. https://www.agco.ca/cannabis/cannabis-retail-lottery (https://www.agco.ca/cannabis/cannabis-retail-lottery)
 
Cannabis Act (S.C. 2018, c. 16). https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-24.5/ (https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-24.5/)
 
Cannabis Regulations (SOR/2018-144). https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/Regulations/SOR-2018-144/index.html (https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/Regulations/SOR-2018-144/index.html) 
 
CDPE. (2020, October 14). Canada’s legal cannabis industry lacks diversity, a new policy brief by the centre on drug policy evaluation and the university of toronto finds. https://cdpe.org/canadas-legal-cannabis-industry-lacks-diversity/#:~:text=The%20new%20(https://cdpe.org/canadas-legal-cannabis-industry-lacks-diversity/#:~:text=The%20new%20policy%20brief%20found,%2C%20and%201%25%20Latinx)policy%20brief%20found,%2C%20and%201%25%20Latinx)(https://cdpe.org/canadas-legal-cannabis-industry-lacks-diversity/#:~:text=The%20new%20policy%20brief%20found,%2C%20and%201%25%20Latinx). 
 
Government of Canada. (2016, December 13). A framework for the legalization and regulation of cannabis in canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/laws-regulati(https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/laws-regulations/task-force-cannabis-legalization-regulation/framework-legalization-regulation-cannabis-in-canada.html#a2.2)ons/task-force-cannabis-legalization-regulation/framework-legalization-regulation-cannab(https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/laws-regulations/task-force-cannabis-legalization-regulation/framework-legalization-regulation-cannabis-in-canada.html#a2.2)is-in-canada.html#a2.2 (https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/laws-regulations/task-force-cannabis-legalization-regulation/framework-legalization-regulation-cannabis-in-canada.html#a2.2)
 
Government of Canada. (2019). Final regulations: Edible cannabis, cannabis extracts, cannabis topicals. https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/hc-sc/documents/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/(https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/hc-sc/documents/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/resources/final-regulations-edible-cannabis-extracts-topical-eng.pdf)resources/final-regulations-edible-cannabis-extracts-topical-eng.pdf (https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/hc-sc/documents/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/resources/final-regulations-edible-cannabis-extracts-topical-eng.pdf)
 
Government of Canada. (2019, December 23). Summary of results for the canadian student tobacco, alcohol and drugs survey 2018-19. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/canadian-student-tobacco-alcohol-drugs-(https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/canadian-student-tobacco-alcohol-drugs-survey/2018-2019-summary.html)survey/2018-2019-summary.html (https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/canadian-student-tobacco-alcohol-drugs-survey/2018-2019-summary.html)
 
Government of Canada. (2019, June 14). Directory of nutrition facts table formats for edible cannabis. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/laws-regulati(https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/laws-regulations/regulations-support-cannabis-act/directory-nutrition-facts-table-formats-edible.html)ons/regulations-support-cannabis-act/directory-nutrition-facts-table-formats-edible.html (https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/laws-regulations/regulations-support-cannabis-act/directory-nutrition-facts-table-formats-edible.html)
 
Government of Canada. (2019, November 5). The cannabis act and cannabis regulations: Promotion prohibitions. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/laws-regulati(https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/laws-regulations/promotion-prohibitions.html)ons/promotion-prohibitions.html (https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/laws-regulations/promotion-prohibitions.html)
 
Government of Canada. (2020). Canadian cannabis survey 2020: Summary. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/research-data/canadian-cannabis-survey-2020-summary.html#a4(https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/research-data/canadian-cannabis-survey-2020-summary.html#a4)
 
Government of Canada. (2021). Authorized cannabis retailers in the provinces and territories. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/laws-regulati(https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/laws-regulations/provinces-territories.html)ons/provinces-territories.html(https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/laws-regulations/provinces-territories.html)
 
Government of Canada. (2021, February 3). Cannabis legalization and regulation. https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/cj-jp/cannabis/ (https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/cj-jp/cannabis/)
 
Health Canada. (2018). Cannabis public education activities. Government of Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/news/2018/06/cannabis-public-education-activitie(https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/news/2018/06/cannabis-public-education-activities.html)s.html(https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/news/2018/06/cannabis-public-education-activities.html)
 
Health Canada, Cannabis Legalization and Regulation Branch. (2018). Promotion prohibitions under the cannabis act. https://commb.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/25152254/Cannabis_Act_Promotion_Prohi(https://commb.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/25152254/Cannabis_Act_Promotion_Prohibitions_EN.pdf)bitions_EN.pdf (https://commb.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/25152254/Cannabis_Act_Promotion_Prohibitions_EN.pdf)
 
Lisdahl, K. M., Gilbart, E. R., Wright, N. E., & Shollenbarger, S. (2013). Dare to delay? The impacts of adolescent alcohol and marijuana use onset on cognition, brain structure, and function. Frontiers in psychiatry, 4, 53. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00053(https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00053)
 
Pfeffer, A. (2019, November 13). Pot producers implore ontario to open more stores. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/pot-producers-implore-ontario-open-stores-1.5357101(https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/pot-producers-implore-ontario-open-stores-1.5357101)
 
Rotermann, M. (2020, February 19). What has changed since cannabis was legalized? Statistics Canada. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-003-x/2020002/article/00002-eng.htm (https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-003-x/2020002/article/00002-eng.htm)
 
Solowij, N., Jones, K. A., Rozman, M. E., Davis, S. M., Ciarrochi, J., Heaven, P. C., Lubman, D. I., & Yücel, M. (2011). Verbal learning and memory in adolescent cannabis users, alcohol users and non-users. Psychopharmacology, 216(1), 131–144.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2203-x (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2203-x)
 
Tobacco and Vaping Products Act, S.C. 1997, c. 13. https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/t-11.5/(https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/t-11.5/)

Question 19

Why people use drugs

Accepted Answer

Abelman, D. D. (2017). Mitigating risks of students use of study drugs through understanding motivations for use & applying harm reduction theory: A literature review. Harm Reduction Journal, 14(1), 68. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-017-0194-6 (https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-017-0194-6)
 
Ali, S., Mouton, C. P., Jabeen, S., Ofoemezie, E. K., Bailey, R. K., Shahid, M., & Zeng, Q. (2011). Early detection of illicit drug use in teenagers. Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience, 8(12), 24–28. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3257983/(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3257983/)
 
Arria, A. M., & DuPont, R. L. (2010). Nonmedical prescription stimulant use among college students: Why we need to do something and what we need to do. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 29(4), 417-426. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550887.2010.509273 (https://doi.org/10.1080/10550887.2010.509273)
 
Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. (n.d.). Canadian centre on substance abuse. https://www.ccsa.ca/(https://www.ccsa.ca/)
 
Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. (2014). The canadian standards for youth substance abuse prevention: An overview. https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-05/2014-CCSA-Canadian-Standards-Youth-Substance-Abuse-Prevention-Overview-en.pdf(https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-05/2014-CCSA-Canadian-Standards-Youth-Substance-Abuse-Prevention-Overview-en.pdf)
 
Department of Justice. (2018, September 26). National anti-drug strategy evaluation. https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cp-pm/eval/rep-rap/12/nas-sna/p4.html(https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cp-pm/eval/rep-rap/12/nas-sna/p4.html)
 
Fischer, B. (2005). Substance abuse in canada: Current challenges and choices. Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, 11–12. https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-04/ccsa-004032-2005.pdf (https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-04/ccsa-004032-2005.pdf)
 
Gaetz, S. (2014). Harm reduction. Homeless Hub. https://www.homelesshub.ca/solutions/supports/harm-reduction (https://www.homelesshub.ca/solutions/supports/harm-reduction)
 
Mitra, S., & Globerman, J. (2016). Engaging law enforcement in harm reduction programs for people who inject drugs. Ontario HIV Treatment Network. http://www.ohtn.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/rr109_law-enforcement-harm-reduction.pdf (http://www.ohtn.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/rr109_law-enforcement-harm-reduction.pdf)
 
Public Health England. (2015). The international evidence on the prevention of drug and alcohol use. https://healtheducationresources.unesco.org/library/documents/international-evidence-prevention-drug-and-alcohol-use-summary-and-examples(https://healtheducationresources.unesco.org/library/documents/international-evidence-prevention-drug-and-alcohol-use-summary-and-examples)
 
Shaw, A., Egan, J., & Gillespie, M. (2007). Drugs and poverty: A literature review. Scottish Drugs Forum. http://www.dldocs.stir.ac.uk/documents/drugpovertylitrev.pdf (http://www.dldocs.stir.ac.uk/documents/drugpovertylitrev.pdf)
 
Spooner, C., & Hetherington, K. (2004). Social Determinants of Drug Use. National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre. https://ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/ndarc/resources/TR.228.pdf(https://ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/ndarc/resources/TR.228.pdf)
 
United Nations International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP). (1995). The social impact of drug abuse. https://www.unodc.org/pdf/technical_series_1995-03-01_1.pdf(https://www.unodc.org/pdf/technical_series_1995-03-01_1.pdf)
 
Vancouver Police Department. (2006). Vancouver police department drug policy. https://vancouver.ca/police/assets/pdf/reports-policies/vpd-policy-drug.pdf(https://vancouver.ca/police/assets/pdf/reports-policies/vpd-policy-drug.pdf)
 
Warren, F. (2016, December). 'What works' in drug education and prevention? Scottish Government. http://www.edex.es/wp-content/uploads/What-works-in-prevention.pdf(http://www.edex.es/wp-content/uploads/What-works-in-prevention.pdf)

Question 20

Perception of health and well-being

Accepted Answer

Becvar, D. S. (2007). Families that flourish: Facilitating resilience in clinical practice. WW Norton & Company. 
 
Birtchnell, J. (1975). Psychiatric breakdown following recent parent death. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 48(4), 379–390. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1975.tb02346.x(https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1975.tb02346.x)
 
Bonanno, G. A., Wortman, C. B., Lehman, D. R., Tweed, R. G., Haring, M., Sonnega, J., Carr, D., & Nesse, R. M. (2002). Resilience to loss and chronic grief: A prospective study from preloss to 18-months postloss. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(5), 1150-1164. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.83.5.1150(https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.83.5.1150)
 
Brent, D. A., Perper, J. A., Moritz, G., Liotus, L., Schweers, J., & Canobbio, R. (1994). Major depression or uncomplicated bereavement? A follow-up of youth exposed to suicide. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(2), 231–239. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199402000-00012(https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199402000-00012)
 
Brewer, N. T., Weinstein, N. D., Cuite, C. L., & Herrington, J. E. (2004). Risk perceptions and their relation to risk behavior. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 27(2), 125–130. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324796abm2702_7(https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324796abm2702_7)
 
Burton, A. M., Haley, W. E., & Small, B. J. (2006). Bereavement after caregiving or unexpected death: Effects on elderly spouses. Aging and Mental Health, 10(3), 319–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860500410045(https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860500410045)
 
Bush, J., Phillimore, P., Pless-Mulloli, T., & Thompson, C. (2005). Carcass disposal and siting controversy: Risk, dialogue and confrontation in the 2001 foot-and-mouth outbreak. Local Environment, 10(6), 649–664. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549830500321907(https://doi.org/10.1080/13549830500321907)
 
Carey, M. P., Braaten, L. S., Jaworski, B. C., Durant, L. E., & Forsyth, A. D. (1999). Hiv and aids relative to other health, social, and relationship concerns among low-income urban women: A brief report. Journal of Women’s Health and Gender-Based Medicine, 8(5), 657–661. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.1.1999.8.657(https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.1.1999.8.657)
 
Carr, D. (2004). Gender, preloss marital dependence, and older adults’ adjustment to widowhood. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66(1), 220–235. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00016.x(https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00016.x)
 
Conner, M., & Norman, P. (2005). Predicting health behaviour. UK: McGraw-Hill Education. 
 
De Cock, K. M., Jaffe, H. W., & Curran, J. W. (2011). Reflections on 30 years of aids. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17(6), 1044-1048. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid/1706.100184(https://doi.org/10.3201/eid/1706.100184)
 
Drew, S. (2007). Having cancer changed my life, and changed my life forever’: Survival, illness legacy and service provision following cancer in childhood. Chronic Illness, 3(4), 278–295. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742395307085236(https://doi.org/10.1177/1742395307085236)
 
Egnew, T. R. (2005). The meaning of healing: Transcending suffering. The Annals of Family Medicine, 3(3), 255–262. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.313(https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.313)
 
Elwert, F., & Christakis, N. A. (2008). The effect of widowhood on mortality by the causes of death of both spouses. American Journal of Public Health, 98(11), 2092–2098. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.114348(https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.114348)
 
Fauci, A. S., & Morens, D. M. (2012). The perpetual challenge of infectious diseases. New England Journal of Medicine, 366(5), 454–461. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1108296(https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1108296)
 
Folkman, S., & Greer, S. (2000). Promoting psychological well-being in the face of serious illness: When theory, research and practice inform each other. Psycho-Oncology: Journal of the Psychological, Social and Behavioural Dimensions of Cancer, 9(1), 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1611(200001/02)9:1<11::aid-pon424>3.0.co;2-z(https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1611(200001/02)9:1%3c11::aid-pon424%3e3.0.co;2-z)
 
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