References

We’ve compiled all the resources we examined in preparing the information on this website, and want you to have access too. Unfortunately some of these resources are behind a pay-wall, but we’ve linked to open source options whenever possible.

Crippa, J. A., Zuardi, A. W., Martín-Santos, R., Bhattacharyya, S., Atakan, Z., McGuire, P., & Fusar-Poli, P. (2009). Cannabis and anxiety: A critical review of the evidence. Human Psychopharmacology, 24(7), 515-523. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.1048

Darkovska-Serafimovska, M., Serafimovska, T., Arsova-Sarafinovska, Z., Stefanoski, S., Keskovski, Z., & Balkanov, T. (2018). Pharmacotherapeutic considerations for use of cannabinoids to relieve pain in patients with malignant diseases. Journal of Pain Research, 11, 837-842. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S160556

Government of Canada. (2018, October 17). About cannabis. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/about.html

Grinspoon, P. (2020, September 24). Cannabidiol (cbd)-What we know and what we don’t. Harvard Health Publishing. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/cannabidiol-cbd-what-we-know-and-what-we-dont-2018082414476

Guimarães, F. S., Chiaretti, T. M., Graeff, F. G., and Zuardi, A. W. (1990). Antianxiety effect of cannabidiol in the elevated plus-maze. Psychopharmacology, 100(4), 558–559. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02244012

How cbd can be taken: 4 different delivery methods. (2020). Phytoextractum. https://www.phytoextractum.com/resources/how-cbd-can-be-taken-4-different-delivery-methods/

Leweke, F. M., Piomelli, D., Pahlisch, F., Muhl, D., Gerth, C. W., Hoyer, C., Klosterkötter, J., Hellmich, M., & Koethe, D. (2012). Cannabidiol enhances anandamide signaling and alleviates psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia. Translational Psychiatry, 2(3), e94-e94. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2012.15

Lowe, D. J. E., Sasiadek, J. D., Coles, A. S., & George, T. P. (2019). Cannabis and mental illness: A review. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 269(1), 107-120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-018-0970-7

McGuire, P., Robson, P., Cubala, W. J., Vasile, D., Morrison, P. D., Barron, R., Taylor, A., & Wright, S. (2018). Cannabidiol (cbd) as an adjunctive therapy in schizophrenia: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(3), 225-231. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17030325

Pearson, J., Martin, A., Horgan, K., Wittreich, J., Gertz, B., & Lindley, C. (2000). Vomiting-and nausea-specific quality of life in patients with acute and delayed chemotherapy-induced emesis. Quality of Life Research, 9(3), 296-296. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4036294

Rexaline, S. (2019, March 7). Cbd vs. thc: The science behind most popular cannabinoids. Benzinga. https://www.benzinga.com/markets/cannabis/19/03/13312269/cbd-vs-thc-the-science-beh ind-the-most-popular-cannabinoids?utm_sq=g0v89su8hc&utm_source=Twitter&utm_me dium=social&utm_campaign=ParkAmerican&utm_content=NewsArticles

Shannon, S., & Opila-Lehman, J. (2016). Effectiveness of cannabidiol oil for pediatric anxiety and insomnia as part of posttraumatic stress disorder: A case report. Permanente Journal, 20(4), 16-005. https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/16-005

Anthony J. C., Warner L. A., Kessler R. C. (1994). Comparative epidemiology of dependence on tobacco, alcohol, controlled substances, and inhalants: Basic findings from the national comorbidity survey. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2(3), 244–268. https://doi.org/10.1037/1064-1297.2.3.244

Arendt, M., Rosenberg, R., Foldager, L., Perto, G., & Munk-Jørgensen, P. (2005). Cannabis-induced psychosis and subsequent schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: Follow-up study of 535 incident cases. British Journal of Psychiatry, 187(6), 510-515. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.187.6.510

Arkowitz, H., & Lilienfeld, S. (2021, March 1). Experts tell the truth about pot. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-truth-about-pot/

Bab, I., Zimmer, A., & Melamed, E. (2009). Cannabinoids and the skeleton: From marijuana to reversal of bone loss. Annals of Medicine (Helsinki), 41(8), 560-567. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890903121025

Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction. (2019). 7 things about edible cannabis. https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-06/CCSA-7-Things-About-Edible-Cannabis-2019-en.pdf

Corey-Bloom, J., Wolfson, T., Gamst, A., Jin, S., Marcotte, T. D., Bentley, H., & Gouaux, B. (2012). Smoked cannabis for spasticity in multiple sclerosis: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ), 184(10), 1143-1150. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.110837

Crane, M. (2021). Dangers of marijuana: Long-term effects of pot on the brain and body. American Addiction Centers. https://americanaddictioncenters.org/marijuana-rehab/long-term-effects

Freeman, T. P., & Winstock, A. R. (2015). Examining the profile of high-potency cannabis and its association with severity of cannabis dependence. Psychological Medicine, 45(15), 3181-3189. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001178

Government of Canada. (2019). Cannabis: Lower your risks. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/resources/lo wer-your-risks.html

Government of Canada. (2020). Canadian cannabis survey 2020: Summary. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/research-dat a/canadian-cannabis-survey-2020-summary.html#a4

Greco, R., Gasperi, V., Maccarrone, M., & Tassorelli, C. (2010). The endocannabinoid system and migraine. Experimental Neurology, 224(1), 85-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.03.029

Green, B., Kavanagh, D., & Young, R. (2003). Being stoned: A review of self-reported cannabis effects. Drug and Alcohol Review, 22(4), 453-460. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230310001613976

Grewal, J. K., & Loh, L. C. (2020). Health considerations of the legalization of cannabis edibles. Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ), 192(1), E1-E2. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.191217

Grewal. S., & George. T. (2017). Cannabis-induced psychosis: A review. Psychiatric Times, 34(7). https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/cannabis-induced-psychosis-review

Hall, W. (2015). What has research over the past two decades revealed about the adverse health effects of recreational cannabis use? Addiction (Abingdon, Endlang), 110(1), 19-35. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12703

Hamilton, H. A., Brands, B., Ialomiteanu, A. R., & Mann, R. E. (2017). Therapeutic use of cannabis: Prevalence and characteristics among adults in ontario, canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 108(3), e282-e287. https://doi.org/10.17269/CJPH.108.6130

Hasin, D. S., Saha, T. D., Kerridge, B. T., Goldstein, R. B., Chou, S. P., Zhang, H., Jung, J., Pickering, R. P., Ruan, W. J., Smith, S. M., Huang, B., & Grant, B. F. (2015). Prevalence of marijuana use disorders in the united states between 2001-2002 and 2012-2013. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(12), 1235-1242. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1858

Holt. J. (2021, January 18). The pros and cons of using marijuana recreationally. Grow Diaries. https://growdiaries.com/journal/the-pros-and-cons-of-using-cannabis-recreationally

Jones, K. A., Blagrove, M., & Parrott, A. C. (2009). Cannabis and ecstasy/mdma: Empirical measures of creativity in recreational users. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 41(4), 323-329. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2009.10399769

Joy, J. E., Watson, S. J., Benson, J. A., NetLibrary, I., Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Division of Neuroscience and Behavioral Health, & Institute of Medicine. (1999;2000;2005;). In Janet E. Joy, John A. Benson J. and Stanley J. Watson J.(Eds.), Marijuana and medicine: Assessing the science base. National Academy Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/6376

Kouri, E., Pope, H. G., Yurgelun-Todd, D., & Gruber, S. (1995). Attributes of heavy vs. occasional marijuana smokers in a college population. Biological Psychiatry (1969), 38(7), 475-481. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(94)00325-W

Ksir, C., & Hart, C. L. (2016). Cannabis and psychosis: A critical overview of the relationship. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-015-0657-y

Lachenmeier, D. W., & Rehm, J. (2015). Comparative risk assessment of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and other illicit drugs using the margin of exposure approach. Scientific Reports, 5(1), 8126. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08126

Liu, Q., Wu, Z., Liu, Y., Chen, L., Zhao, H., Guo, H., Zhu, K., Wang, W., Chen, S., Zhou, N.,Li, Y., & Shi, B. (2020). Cannabinoid receptor 2 activation decreases severity of cyclophosphamide‐ induced cystitis via regulating autophagy. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 39(1), 158-169. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.24205

Long and short-term effects of cannabis. (2018, June 21). Portage. https://portage.ca/en/blog/long-and-short-term-effects-of-cannabis/

MacCallum, C.A., & Russo, E. B. (2018). Practical considerations in medical cannabis administration and dosing. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 49, 12-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2018.01.004

Mundell, E., J. (2020, March 18). One joint may cause psychotic symptoms: Study. A Family Pharmacy Apple Valley. https://www.afamilypharmacy.com/patient-resources/article/755848/one-joint-may-cause -psychotic-symptoms-study

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice; Committee on the Health Effects of Marijuana: An Evidence Review and Research Agenda. (2017). The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2017 Jan 12.  https://doi.org/10.17226/24625

Peki, W. (2021). 61 potential benefits of marijuana and its cannabinoids that are backed by scientific research. Herbonaut. https://www.herbonaut.com/benefits-of-marijuana/

Ramo, D. E., Delucchi, K. L., Hall, S. M., Liu, H., & Prochaska, J. J. (2013). Marijuana and tobacco co-use in young adults: Patterns and thoughts about use. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 74(2), 301-310. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2013.74.301

Ramos Barreda, A., De Leon, K., & Urmas, S. (2018). A simple guide to pot, thc and how much is too much. LA Times. https://www.latimes.com/projects/la-me-weed-101-thc-calculator/

Reiman, A. (2009). Cannabis as a substitute for alcohol and other drugs. Harm Reduction Journal, 6(1), 35-35. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-6-35

Rosenberg, E. C., Tsien, R. W., Whalley, B. J., & Devinsky, O. (2015). Cannabinoids and epilepsy. Neurotherapeutics, 12(4), 747-768. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-015-0375-5

Rubinstein, M. L., Rait, M. A., & Prochaska, J. J. (2014). Frequent marijuana use is associated with greater nicotine addiction in adolescent smokers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 141, 159-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.05.015

Szaflarski, Jerzy P., MD, PhD, & Devinsky, O. (2017). Cannabinoids and epilepsy —introduction. Epilepsy & Behavior, 70(Pt B), 277-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.01.015

Wall, J., Davis, S., & Ridgway, S. (2001). Cannabis: Its therapeutic use. Nursing Standard, 16(10), 39-44. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns2001.11.16.10.39.c3123

Ware, M. A., Wang, T., Shapiro, S., Robinson, A., Ducruet,T., Huynh, T., Gamsa, A., Bennett, G. J., & Collet, J. (2010). Smoked cannabis for chronic neuropathic pain: A randomized controlled trial. Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ), 182(14), E694-E701. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.091414

Watkins. M., (2020, August 17). Marijuana (weed, cannabis) overdose symptoms, signs & treatment. American Addictions Centers. https://drugabuse.com/drugs/marijuana/overdose/

Webb, C. W., & Webb, S. M. (2014). Therapeutic benefits of cannabis: A patient survey.Hawai'i Journal of Medicine & Public Health, 73(4), 109-111. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24765558/

Weckowicz, T. E. (1975). Effect of marijuana on divergent and convergent production cognitive tests. Journal of Abnormal Psychology (1965), 84(4), 386-398. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.84.4.386

World Health Organization. (2016). The health and social effects of nonmedical cannabis use. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/251056

Armstrong, M. J. (2018, October 16). Legal cannabis vs. black market: Can it compete? The Conversation. Retrieved February 1, 2020, from https://theconversation.com/legal-cannabis-vs-black-market-can-it-compete-104915.

Ashton, C. H. (2001). Pharmacology and effects of cannabis: A brief review. British Journal of Psychiatry, 178(2), 101-106. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.178.2.101

Beirness, D. J., & Porath-Waller, A. J. (2019). Clearing the smoke on cannabis: Cannabis use and driving -an update. Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-10/CCSA-Cannabis-Use-Driving-Report-201 9-en_1.pdf

Berghaus, G., & Guo, B.L. (1995). Medicines and driver fitness—findings from a meta-analysis of experimental studies as basic information to patients, physicians, and experts. Transportation Research Board. https://trid.trb.org/view/470158

Bjorge, P. (2020, March 4). Cannabis tinctures 101: How to make, consume, and dose them. Leafly.https://www.leafly.ca/news/cannabis-101/cannabis-tinctures-101-what-are-they-how-to-m ake-them-and-how-to

Boone, S. (2021, April 16). Curious about the indica vs. sativa debate? Learn the real difference. Scary Mommy. https://www.scarymommy.com/indica-vs-sativa/#:~:text=Indica%20plants%20are%20short%20and%20stocky%20with%20broad,written%20records%20of%20their%20distinct%20genetics%20and%20evolution.

Borodovsky, J. T., Crosier, B. S., Lee, D. C., Sargent, J. D., & Budney, A. J. (2016). Smoking, vaping, eating: Is legalization impacting the way people use cannabis? The International Journal of Drug Policy, 36, 141-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.02.022

Boshkova, M., (2018). Why do people smoke weed? The top 12 reasons. Higher Mentality. https://www.highermentality.com/why-people-smoke-weed/

Capler, R. (2009). Why people use cannabis. Visions: BC’s Mental Health and Substance Use Journal, 5(4), 9. https://www.heretohelp.bc.ca/why-people-use-cannabis

Duvall, C., S, (2019). “Decriminalization doesn’t erase marijuana’s class and race problems.” Opposing viewpoints online collection, Gale, 2019. www.gale.com. Originally published as “Decriminalization doesn’t address marijuana’s standing as a drug of the poor,” The Conversation, 31 Mar. 2015. https://www.gale.com/open-access/marijuana

Fataar, F., Goodman, S., Wadsworth, E., & Hammond, D. (2021). Consumer perceptions of ‘legal’ and ‘illegal’ cannabis in us states with legal cannabis sales. Addictive Behaviors, 112, 106563-106563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106563

Franciosi, A. (2017). THC patch: The ultimate guide to thc transdermal patches. Honest Marijuana. https://honestmarijuana.com/thc-patch/

Fraser, G., A., (2009). The use of a synthetic cannabinoid in the management of treatment-resistant nightmares in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 15(1), 84-88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-5949.2008.00071.x

Gilbert, A. N., & DiVerdi, J. A. (2018). Consumer perceptions of strain differences in cannabis aroma. PloS One, 13(2), e0192247-e0192247. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192247

Government of Canada. (2019). What you need to know before you choose to consume cannabis. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/resources/w Hat-you-need-to-know-if-you-choose-to-consume-cannabis.html

Government of Canada. (2020). Canadian Cannabis Survey 2020: Summary. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/research-dat a/canadian-cannabis-survey-2020-summary.html#a2

Government of Canada. (2020). What you need to know about cannabis. https://www.canada.ca/en/services/health/campaigns/cannabis/canadians.html#a7

Government of Ontario. (2021). Cannabis and driving. Learn about the laws and penalties, and how cannabis affects your driving. https://www.ontario.ca/page/cannabis-and-driving

Hartman, R. L., Brown, T. L., Milavetz, G., Spurgin, A., Pierce, R. S., Gorelick, D. A., Gaffney, G., & Huestis, M. A. (2015). Cannabis effects on driving lateral control with and without alcohol. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 154, 25-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.06.015

Hartman, R. L., & Huestis, M. A. (2013). Cannabis effects on driving skills. Clinical Chemistry (Baltimore, Md.), 59(3), 478-492. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2012.194381

Hartogsohn, I. (2017). Constructing drug effects: A history of set and setting. Drug Science, Policy and Law. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324516683325

Holland, K. (2021). Sativa vs. indica: What to expect across cannabis types and strains. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/sativa-vs-indica

Huestis, M. A. (2007). Human cannabinoid pharmacokinetics. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 4(8), 1770- 1804. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200790152

Legal vs. illegal: Inside canada’s marketplace. (2020). Responsible Cannabis Use. https://thercu.org/blogs/blog/legal-vs-illegal-inside-canada-s-cannabis-marketplace

Livingston, L., (2018). 6 uses for indica cannabis strains. Buy My Weed Online. https://buymyweedonline.com/marijuana/6-uses-for-indica/

MADD. (n.d.). Cannabis and driving. https://madd.ca/pages/impaired-driving/overview/cannabis-and-driving/

Martin, T. L., Solbeck, P. A. M., Mayers, D. J., Langille, R. M., Buczek, Y., & Pelletier, M. R. (2013). A review of alcohol-impaired driving: The role of blood alcohol concentration and complexity of the driving task. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 58(5), 1238-1250. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12227

McPartland, J. M., & Small, E. (2020). A classification of endangered high-thc cannabis (cannabis sativa subsp. indica) domesticates and their wild relatives. Phytokeys, 144(2), 81-112. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.144.46700

Moore, T. R. (2002). A primer of drug action: A concise nontechnical guide to the actions, uses, and side effects of psychoactive drugs, ninth edition. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 59(11), 1130-1131. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/59.11.1130a

Parnes, J. E., Bravo, A. J., Conner, B. T., & Pearson, M. R. (2018). A burning problem:Cannabis lessons learned from Colorado. Addiction Research & Theory, 26(1), 3-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2017.1315410

Ramaekers, J. G., Robbe, H. W. J., & O'Hanlon, J. F. (2000). Marijuana, alcohol and actual driving performance. Human Psychopharmacology, 15(7), 551-558. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1077(200010)15:7<551::AID-HUP236>3.0.CO;2-P

Rosado, J., (2019). Cannabis hybrids. Marijuana Doctors. https://www.marijuanadoctors.com/resources/cannabis-hybrids/

Rotermann, M. (2019). National cannabis survey 2nd quarter. Statistics Canada. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/11-627-M2019057

Safe Cannabis Guide. (n.d.). Methods of cannabis consumption. https://www.safecannabisuse.com/dosing/

Society for the Study of Ingestive Behavior. (2018, July 17). How cannabis affects appetite: brain changes. ScienceDaily. Retrieved June 27, 2021 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/07/180717094747.htm

Statistics Canada. (2019, October 30). National cannabis survey, third quarter 2019. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/191030/dq191030a-eng.htm

The Cannabis Advisory. (n.d.). How soon after using cannabis can you drive? https://www.thecannabisadvisory.com/cannabis-news/after-using-cannabis-can-drive/

Tringale, R., & Jensen, C. (2011). Cannabis and insomnia. http://files7.webydo.com/92/9209805/UploadedFiles/5E9EC245-448E-17B2-C7CA-21C 6BDC6852D.pdf

Vincent, P. C., Collins, R. L., Liu, L., Yu, J., De Leo, J. A., & Earleywine, M. (2017). Theeffects of perceived quality on behavioral economic demand for marijuana: A web-based experiment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 170, 174-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.013

Volkow, N. (2015). The biology and potential therapeutic effects of cannabidiol. National Institute on Drug Abuse. https://archives.drugabuse.gov/testimonies/2015/biology-potential-therapeutic-effects-can nabidiol#:~:text=CBD%20has%20shown%20therapeutic%20efficacy,measures%20of%2 0stress%20and%20anxiety.&text=In%20addition%2C%20CBD%20has%20shown,huma n%20laboratory%20and%20clinical%20trials.

White, J, (n.d.). Cannabis Sativa - What is Cannabis Sativa? A guide to sativa marijuana strains, their effects and medical uses, and how they work. CNBS. https://www.cnbs.org/cannabis-types/cannabis-sativa/

Abdallah, S. J., Smith, B. M., Ware, M. A., Moore, M., Li, P. Z., Bourbeau, J., & Jensen, D. (2018). Effect of vaporized cannabis on exertional breathlessness and exercise endurance in advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomized controlled trial. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 15(10), 1146-1158. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201803-198OC

Agrawal, A., Budney, A. J., & Lynskey, M. T. (2012). The co-occurring use and misuse of cannabis and tobacco: A review. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 107(7), 1221-1233. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03837.x

Allen, J. A., Davis, K. C., Duke, J. C., Nonnemaker, J. M., Bradfield, B. R., & Farrelly, M. C. (2017). New product trial, use of edibles, and unexpected highs among marijuana and hashish users in colorado. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 176, 44-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.006

Al-Zouabi, I., Stogner, J. M., Miller, B. L., & Lane, E. S. (2018). Butane hash oil and dabbing: insights into use, amateur production techniques, and potential harm mitigation. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation, 9, 91–101. https://doi.org/10.2147/SAR.S135252

Anderson, R. P., & Zechar, K. (2019). Lung injury from inhaling butane hash oil mimics pneumonia. Respiratory Medicine Case Reports, 26, 171-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmcr.2019.01.002

Baron, E. P. (2015). Comprehensive review of medicinal marijuana, cannabinoids, and therapeutic implications in medicine and headache: What a long strange trip it's been. Headache, 55(6), 885-916. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.12570

Blake, A., & Nahtigal, I. (2019). The evolving landscape of cannabis edibles. Current Opinion in Food Science, 28, 25-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2019.03.009

Calapai, F., Cardia, L., Sorbara, E. E., Navarra, M., Gangemi, S., Calapai, G., & Mannucci, C. (2020). Cannabinoids, Blood-Brain Barrier, and Brain Disposition. Pharmaceutics, 12(3), 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12030265

Cannabis-based medicines -Gw pharmaceuticals: High cbd, high thc, medicinal cannabis -Gw pharmaceuticals, thc:cbd. (2003). Drugs in R&D, 4(5), 306-309. https://doi.org/10.2165/00126839-200304050-00005

Chelliah, M. P., Zinn, Z., Khuu, P., & Teng, J. M. (2018). Self‐initiated use of topical cannabidiol oil for epidermolysis bullosa. Pediatric Dermatology, 35(4), e224-e227. https://doi.org/10.1111/pde.13545

Cinnamon Bidwell, L., YorkWilliams, S. L., Mueller, R. L., Bryan, A. D., & Hutchison, K. E. (2018). Exploring cannabis concentrates on the legal market: User profiles, product strength, and health-related outcomes. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 8, 102-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2018.08.004

Cozzi, N. V. (1993). Effects of water filtration on marijuana smoke: A literature review. MAPS Bull, 4(2), 4-6. https://maps.org/news/bulletin/effects-of-water-filtration-on-marijuana-smoke/

Craft, S., Winstock, A., Ferris, J., Mackie, C., Lynskey, M. T., & Freeman, T. P. (2020;2019;). Characterising heterogeneity in the use of different cannabis products: Latent class analysis with 55 000 people who use cannabis and associations with severity of cannabis dependence. Psychological Medicine, 50(14), 2364-2373. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291719002460

Earleywine, M., & Barnwell, S. S. (2007). Decreased respiratory symptoms in cannabis users who vaporize. Harm Reduction Journal, 4(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-4-11

Gaffal, E., Cron, M., Glodde, N., & Tüting, T. (2013). Anti‐inflammatory activity of topical thc in dnfb‐mediated mouse allergic contact dermatitis independent of cb1 and cb2 receptors. Allergy, 68(8), 994-1000. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12183

Gates, P., Jaffe, A., & Copeland, J. (2014). Cannabis smoking and respiratory health: Consideration of the literature. Respirology (Carlton, Vic.), 19(5), 655-662. https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.12298

Gieringer, D. (1996). Marijuana water pipe and vaporizer study. MAPS Bull, 6(3), 59-66. https://maps.org/news-letters/v06n3/06359mj1.html

Gieringer, D. H. (2001). Cannabis "vaporization": A promising strategy for smoke harm reduction. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics, 1(3-4), 153-170. https://doi.org/10.1300/J175v01n03_10

Government of Canada. (2019). Canadian cannabis survey 2019 –Summary.https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/drugs-health-products/cana dian-cannabis-survey-2019-summary.html

Government of Canada. (2019). Final regulations: Edible cannabis, cannabis extracts, cannabis topicals. https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/hc-sc/documents/services/drugs-medication/cannabis /resources/final-regulations-edible-cannabis-extracts-topical-eng.pdf

Government of Canada. (2021, February 3). Cannabis legalization and regulation. https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/cj-jp/cannabis/

Grof, C. P. L. (2018). Cannabis, from plant to pill. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 84(11), 2463-2467. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13618

Grotenhermen, F. (2001). Harm reduction associated with inhalation and oral administration of cannabis and thc. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics, 1(3-4), 133-152. https://doi.org/10.1300/J175v01n03_09

Grotenhermen, F. (2003). Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 42(4), 327-360. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200342040-00003

Grotenhermen, F., Russo, E., & Zuardi, A. W. (2017). Even high doses of oral cannabidiol do not cause thc-like effects in humans: Comment on merrick et al. cannabis and cannabinoid research 2016; 1 (1): 102–112; DOI: 10.1089/can. 2015.0004. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 2(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2016.0036

Guy, G. W., Flint, M. E., Robson, P. J., & Whittle, B. A. (2000). A phase one study of sublingual cannabis-based medicine extract. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology,52(9; SUPP/1), 294-294. https://eurekamag.com/research/034/314/034314323.php

Guy, R. H. (1996). Current status and future prospects of transdermal drug delivery. Pharmaceutical Research, 13(12), 1765-1769. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1016060403438

GW Pharmaceuticals. (2012). Sativex Product Monograph, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK. https://pdf.hres.ca/dpd_pm/00016162.PDF

Hakkarainen, P. (2016). Vaporizing the pot world –easy, healthy, and cool. Drugs and Alcohol Today, 16(3), 185-193. https://doi.org/10.1108/DAT-10-2015-0062

Hancox, R. J., Poulton, R., Ely, M., Welch, D., Taylor, D. R., McLachlan, C. R., Greene, J. M., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., & Sears, M. R. (2010). Effects of cannabis on lung function: a population-based cohort study. The European Respiratory Journal, 35(1), 42–47. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00065009

Happyana, N., Agnolet, S., Muntendam, R., Van Dam, A., Schneider, B., & Kayser, O. (2013). Analysis of cannabinoids in laser-microdissected trichomes of medicinal cannabis sativa using lcms and cryogenic nmr. Phytochemistry (Oxford), 87, 51-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.11.001

Hash. (2021, June 28). https://weedmaps.com/learn/dictionary/hash

Hawley, D., Graham, T., Stasiak, M., & Dixon, M. (2018). Improving cannabis bud quality and yield with subcanopy lighting. Hortscience, 53(11), 1593-1599. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI13173-18

Hazekamp, A., Ruhaak, R., Zuurman, L., van Gerven, J., & Verpoorte, R. (2006). Evaluation of a vaporizing device (volcano®) for the pulmonary administration of tetrahydrocannabinol. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 95(6), 1308-1317. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.20574

He, T., Oks, M., Esposito, M., Steinberg, H., & Makaryus, M. (2017). “Tree-in-bloom”: Severe acute lung injury induced by vaping cannabis oil. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201612-974LE

Hess, C., Krämer, M., & Madea, B. (2017). Topical application of thc containing products is not able to cause positive cannabinoid finding in blood or urine. Forensic Science International, 272, 68-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.01.008

Hosseini, A.,McLachlan, A. J., & Lickliter, J. D. (2021). A phase I trial of the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol administered as single‐dose oil solution and single and multiple doses of a sublingual wafer in healthy volunteers. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 87(4), 2070-2077. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.14617

Howie, N., Trigkas, T., Cruchley, A., Wertz, P., Squier, C., & Williams, D. (2001). Short-term exposure to alcohol increases the permeability of human oral mucosa. Oral Diseases, 7(6), 349-354. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1601-0825.2001.00731.x

Huestis M. A. (2007). Human cannabinoid pharmacokinetics. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 4(8), 1770–1804. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200790152

Jackson, D. K. & Hyatt, K. (2013). Silicone and hyaluronic acid (hla) delivery systems for products by sustainable processes for medical uses including wound management. (US Patent No. US2013/0184354 A1). https://patents.google.com/patent/US20130184354A1/en

Jin, D., Jin, S., & Chen, J. (2019). Cannabis indoor growing conditions, management practices, and post-harvest treatment: a review. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 10(6), 925. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2019.106067

Johnson, J. R., Lossignol, D., Burnell-Nugent, M., & Fallon, M. T. (2013). An open-label extension study to investigate the long-term safety and tolerability of thc/cbd oromucosal spray and oromucosal thc spray in patients with terminal cancer-related pain refractory to strong opioid analgesics. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 46(2), 207-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2012.07.014

Joshi, M., Joshi, A., & Bartter, T. (2014). Marijuana and lung diseases. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine, 20(2), 173-179. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0000000000000026

Kado, J. (2020). Topical formulation for binding to dermatological cannabinoid receptors. (US Patent No. 10543176). https://patents.google.com/patent/US10543176B2/en?oq=U.S.+Patent+No.+10%2c543%2c176

Kamel, R. (2015). Transdermal drug delivery: Benefits and challenges. Journal of Applied Pharmacy, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.4172/1920-4159.1000e103

Kawahara, K., & Tojo, K. (2007). Skin irritation in transdermal drug delivery systems: A strategy for its reduction. Pharmaceutical Research, 24(2), 399-408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-006-9165-4

Kliuk-Ben Bassat, O., Brill, S., Vaisman, N., Schechter, M., Ashtamker, N., Hirshberg, B., & Mosenzon, O. (2021). Pos-676 exploratory study to assess the safety of sublingual oil based medical cannabis bol-dp-o-04 in dialysis patients who have chronic pain. Kidney International Reports, 6(4), S295-S295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ekir.2021.03.707

Klumpers, L. E., Beumer, T. L., van Hasselt, J. G., Lipplaa, A., Karger, L. B., Kleinloog, H.D., Freijer, J. I., de Kam, M. L., & van Gerven, J. M. (2012). Novel Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol formulation Namisol® has beneficial pharmacokinetics and promising pharmacodynamic effects. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 74(1), 42-53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04164.x

Lamy, F. R., Daniulaityte, R., Zatreh, M.,Nahhas, R. W., Sheth, A., Martins, S. S., Boyer, E. W., & Carlson, R. G. (2018). "You got to love rosin: Solventless dabs, pure, clean, natural medicine." Exploring twitter data on emerging trends in rosin tech marijuana concentrates. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 183, 248-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.10.039

Lee, M. H. S., & Hancox, R. J. (2011). Effects of smoking cannabis on lung function. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 5(4), 537-547. https://doi.org/10.1586/ers.11.40

Loflin, M., & Earleywine, M. (2014). A new method of cannabis ingestion: The dangers of dabs? Addictive Behaviors, 39(10), 1430-1433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.05.013

Maida, V., & Corban, J. (2017). Topical medical cannabis: A new treatment for wound pain—Three cases of pyoderma gangrenosum. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 54(5), 732-736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2017.06.005

Maida, V., Shi, R. B., Fazzari, F. G. T., & Zomparelli, L. (2021). Topical cannabis-based medicines -A novel adjuvant treatment for venous leg ulcers: An open-label trial. Experimental Dermatology, 30(9), 1258-1267. https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.14395

Mariani, J. J., Brooks, D., Haney, M., & Levin, F. R. (2011). Quantification and comparison of marijuana smoking practices: Blunts, joints, and pipes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 113(2-3), 249-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.08.008

Marsot, A., Audebert, C., Attolini, L., Lacarelle, B., Micallef, J., & Blin, O. (2017). Population pharmacokinetics model of thc used by pulmonary route in occasional cannabis smokers. Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods, 85, 49-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vascn.2017.02.003

McInnis, O. A., & Plecas, D. (2016). Clearing the smoke on cannabis: Respiratory effects of cannabis smoking: An update. Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-04/CCSA-Cannabis-Use-Respiratory-Effects -Report-2016-en.pdf

Meier, M. H. (2017). Associations between butane hash oil use and cannabis-related problems. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 179, 25-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.015

Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Medicinal Cannabis Research. (2018).What effects does smoking cannabis have on the respiratory system? McMaster University MDCMCR. https://cannabisresearch.mcmaster.ca/news/2018/04/27/cannabis-smoking-and-effects-on-the-respiratory-system

National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and Health. (2014). The health consequences of smoking—50 years of progress: A report of the surgeon general. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24455788/

OCS. (n.d.-a). Cannabis basics: Methods of consumption. https://ocs.ca/blogs/cannabis-basics/methods-of-consumption

OCS. (n.d.-b). Choosing cannabis products: Vaporizers vs. vapes: What’s the difference? https://ocs.ca/blogs/choosing-cannabis-products/vaporizers-vs-vapes-what-s-the-differenc e?index=ocs_articles&objectIDs=30531815244&queryID=f702b092338baed61343af5ee 7bf3590

OCS. (n.d.-c). Extracts: Deep dive. https://ocs.ca/blogs/choosing-cannabis-products/extracts-deep-dive?index=ocs_articles&objectIDs=30529587020&queryID=c9d2d3b11ba2c0bc47edc49ebc255f20

OCS. (n.d.-d). How to clean a bong. https://ocs.ca/blogs/cannabis-how-tos/how-to-clean-a-bong?index=ocs_articles&objectID s=30530701132&queryID=eababca6199dae7967fd91ecb3dc398e

OCS. (n.d.-e). Intro to live resin. https://ocs.ca/blogs/cannabis-basics/intro-to-live-resin?index=ocs_articles&objectIDs=30 554556236&queryID=e8c384c1145b55517aa47e40466943e9

OCS. (n.d.-f). Intro to shatter. https://ocs.ca/blogs/cannabis-basics/intro-to-shatter?index=ocs_articles&objectIDs=3055 1541580&queryID=fbfee6a5e73dae7cb6619237e3d5d2a4

OCS. (n.d.-g). Intro to topicals. https://ocs.ca/blogs/cannabis-basics/intro-to-topicals

OCS. (n.d.-h). Rolling papers.https://ocs.ca/collections/rolling-papers?product=1314114307916&sort_by=products_pri Ce_per_uom_asc

Papaseit, E., Pérez-Mañá, C., Pérez-Acevedo, A. P., Hladun, O., Torres-Moreno, M. C., Muga, R., Torrens, M., & Farré, M. (2018). Cannabinoids: from pot to lab. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 15(12), 1286–1295. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.27087

Papatheodorou, S. I., Buettner, H., Rice, M. B., & Mittleman, M. A. (2016). Recent marijuana use and associations with exhaled nitric oxide and pulmonary function in adults in the united states. Chest, 149(6), 1428-1435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2015.12.033

Peschel, W. (2016). Quality control of traditional cannabis tinctures: Pattern, markers, and stability. Scientia Pharmaceutica, 84(3), 567-584. https://doi.org/10.3390/scipharm84030567

Pierre, J. M., Gandal, M., & Son, M. (2016). Cannabis-induced psychosis associated with high potency “wax dabs”. Schizophrenia Research, 172(1-3), 211-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2016.01.056

Pomahacova, B., Van der Kooy, F., & Verpoorte, R. (2009). Cannabis smoke condensate III: The cannabinoid content of vaporised cannabis sativa. Inhalation Toxicology, 21(13), 1108-1112. https://doi.org/10.3109/08958370902748559

Raber, J. C., Elzinga, S., & Kaplan, C. (2015). Understanding dabs: Contamination concerns of cannabis concentrates and cannabinoid transfer during the act of dabbing. The Journal of Toxicological Sciences, 40(6), 797-803. https://doi.org/10.2131/jts.40.797

Riboulet-Zemouli, K. (2020). ‘Cannabis’ ontologies I: Conceptual issues with cannabis and cannabinoids terminology. Drug Science, Policy and Law, 6. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324520945797

Ruchlemer, R., Amit-Kohn, M., Raveh, D., & Hanuš, L. (2015). Inhaled medicinal cannabis and the immunocompromised patient. Supportive Care in Cancer, 23(3), 819-822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-014-2429-3

Russo E. B. (2011). Taming thc: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects. British Journal of Pharmacology, 163(7), 1344–1364. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x

Sagar, K. A., Lambros, A. M., Dahlgren, M. K., Smith, R. T., & Gruber, S. A. (2018). Made from concentrate? A national web survey assessing dab use in the united states. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 190, 133-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.05.022

Scully, C. (2007). Cannabis; adverse effects from an oromucosal spray. British Dental Journal, 203(6), E12-E37. https://doi.org/10.1038/bdj.2007.749

Seltenrich, N. (2019). Cannabis contaminants: Regulating solvents, microbes, and metals in legal weed. Environmental Health Perspectives, 127(8), 82001. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5785

Shakya, P., Madhav, N. V. S., Shakya, A. K., & Singh, K. (2011). Palatal mucosa as a route for systemic drug delivery: A review. Journal of Controlled Release, 151(1), 2-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.11.003

Skalicky, J., Husek, J., Hofbauerova, J., & Dittrich, M. (2012). A composition for the treatment of inflammatory diseases comprising boswellic acids and cannabidiol. (European Patent Application No. 2444081A1). https://patents.google.com/patent/EP2444081A1/en

Stephens D, Patel JK, Angelo D, Frunzi J. (2020). Cannabis butane hash oil dabbing induced lung injury mimicking atypical pneumonia. Cureus, 12(2), e7033. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7033

Stinchcomb, A. L., Valiveti, S., Hammell, D. C., & Ramsey, D. R. (2004;2010;). Human skin permeation of Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 56(3), 291-297. https://doi.org/10.1211/0022357022791

Stockburger, S. (2016). Forms of administration of cannabis and their efficacy. Journal of Pain Management, 9(4), 381. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316546304_Forms_of_administration_of_cannabis_and_their_efficacy

Stogner, J. M., & Miller, B. L. (2015). The dabbing dilemma: A call for research on butane hash oil and other alternate forms of cannabis use. Substance Abuse, 36(4), 393-395. https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2015.1071724

Taylor, D. R., Fergusson, D. M., Milne, B. J., Horwood, L. J., Moffitt, T. E., Sears, M. R., & Poulton, R. (2002). A longitudinal study of the effects of tobacco and cannabis exposure on lung function in young adults. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 97(8), 1055-1061. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00169.x

Tetrault, J.M., Crothers, K., Moore, B.A., Mehra, R., Concato, & J., Fiellin, D.A. (2007). Effects of marijuana smoking on pulmonary function and respiratory complications: A systematic review. Archives of Internal Medicine, 167(3), 221-228. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.167.3.221

Thu, K., Hayes, M., Miles, S., Tierney, L., & Foy, A. (2013). Marijuana ‘bong’ smoking and tuberculosis. Internal Medicine Journal, 43(4), 456-458. https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.12089

Tijani, A. O., Thakur, D., Mishra, D., Frempong, D., Chukwunyere, U. I., & Puri, A. (2021). Delivering therapeutic cannabinoids via skin: Current state and future perspectives. Journal of Controlled Release, 334, 427-451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.05.005

Touitou, E., Fabin, B., Dany, S., & Almog, S. (1988). Transdermal delivery of tetrahydrocannabinol. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 43(1-2), 9-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-5173(88)90052-X

Trofin, I. G., Dabija, G., Vaireanu, D. I., & Filipescu, L. (2012). Long-term storage and cannabis oil stability. Revista de Chimie, 63(3), 293-297. https://www.academia.edu/20127134/Long_term_Storage_and_Cannabis_Oil_Stability

Van Dam, N. T., & Earleywine, M. (2010). Pulmonary function in cannabis users: Support for a clinical trial of the vaporizer. International Journal on Drug Policy, 21(6), 511–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2010.04.001

Volkow, N. D., Baler, R. D., Compton, W. M., & Weiss, S. R. (2014). Adverse health effects of marijuana use. The New England Journal of Medicine, 370(23), 2219-2227. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1402309

Weed Maps. (n.d.-a). Bongs. https://weedmaps.com/learn/dictionary/bong

Weed Maps. (n.d.-b). Pipes. https://weedmaps.com/learn/dictionary/pipe

Weed Maps. (n.d.-c). What is distillate? https://weedmaps.com/learn/dictionary/distillate

Wu, T. C., Tashkin, D. P., Djahed, B., & Rose, J. E. (1988). Pulmonary hazards of smoking marijuana as compared with tobacco. The New England Journal of Medicine, 318(6), 347–351. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198802113180603

Zhao, T., Cheng, K., Ott, W. R., Wallace, L., & Hildemann, L. M. (2020). Characteristics of secondhand cannabis smoke from common smoking methods: Calibration factor, emission rate, and particle removal rate. Atmospheric Environment (1994), 242, 117731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117731

Zig Zag. (n.d.). Cigarette roller 78 mm. https://zigzag.com/products/78mm-cigarette-roller

Asbridge, M., Hayden, J. A., & Cartwright, J. L. (2012). Acute cannabis consumption and motor vehicle collision risk: Systematic review of observational studies and meta-analysis. BMJ (Online), 344, e536. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e536

Asbridge, M., Mann, R., Cusimano, M. D., Trayling, C., Roerecke, M., Tallon, J. M., Whipp, A., & Rehm, J. (2014). Cannabis and traffic collision risk: Findings from a case- crossover study of injured drivers presenting to emergency departments. International Journal of Public Health, 59(2), 395-404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-013-0512-z

Ball, A. L. (2007). Hiv, injecting drug use and harm reduction: A public health response. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 102(5), 684-690. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01761.x

Barrus, D. G., Capogrossi, K. L., Cates, S. C., Gourdet, C. K., Peiper, N. C., Novak, S. P., Lefever, T. W., & Wiley, J. L. (2016). Tasty thc: Promises and challenges of cannabis edibles. Methods Report (RTI Press), 2016, 10.3768/rtipress.2016.op.0035.1611. https://doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2016.op.0035.1611

Batalla, A., Bhattacharyya, S., Yuecel, M., Fusar-Poli, P., Crippa, J. A., Nogue, S., Torrens, M., Pujol, J., Farre, M., & Martin-Santos, R. (2013). Structural and functional imaging studies in chronic cannabis users: A systematic review of adolescent and adult findings. PloS One, 8(2), e55821. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055821

Bédard, M., Dubois, S., & Weaver, B. (2007). The impact of cannabis on driving. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 98(1), 6-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03405376

Bhattacharyya, S., Fusar-Poli, P., Borgwardt, S., Martin-Santos, R., O'Carroll, C., Crippa, J., Atakan, Z., & McGuire, P. (2009). P. 3.02 opposite neural effects of the main psychoactive ingredients of cannabis—Implications for therapeutics. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 19, S63-S64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-977X(09)70072-0

Blake, A., & Nahtigal, I. (2019). The evolving landscape of cannabis edibles. Current Opinion in Food Science, 28, 25-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2019.03.009

Canadian Nurses Association. (2017). Harm reduction for non-medical cannabis use. https://hl-prod-ca-oc-download.s3-ca-central-1.amazonaws.com/CNA/2f975e7e-4a40-45 ca-863c-5ebf0a138d5e/UploadedImages/documents/Harm_Reduction_for_Non_Medical _Cannabis_Use.pdf

Cannabis Regulations (SOR/2018-144). https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/sor-2018-144/

Coffey, C., Carlin, J. B., Degenhardt, L., Lynskey, M., Sanci, L., & Patton, G. C. (2002). Cannabis dependence in young adults: An australian population study. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 97(2), 187-194. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00029.x

D'Souza, D. C., Perry, E., MacDougall, L., Ammerman, Y., Cooper, T., Braley, G., Gueorguieva, R., & Krystal, J. H. (2004). The psychotomimetic effects of intravenous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy individuals: implications for psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology, 29(8), 1558-1572. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300496

D’Souza, D. C., Sewell, R. A., & Ranganathan, M. (2009). Cannabis and psychosis/schizophrenia: Human studies. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 259(7), 413-431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-009-0024-2

Earleywine, M., & Barnwell, S. S. (2007). Decreased respiratory symptoms in cannabis users who vaporize. Harm Reduction Journal, 4(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-4-11

Einstein, S. (2007). Harm and risk reduction: History, theories, issues, and implications. Substance Use & Misuse, 42(2-3), 257-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826080601141990

Fischer, B., Russell, C., Sabioni, P., Van Den Brink, W., Le Foll, B., Hall, W., Rehm, J. & Room, R. (2017). Lower-risk cannabis use guidelines: A comprehensive update of evidence and recommendations. American Journal of Public Health, 107(8), e1-e12. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303818

Fontes, M. A., Bolla, K. I., Cunha, P. J., Almeida, P. P., Jungerman, F., Laranjeira, R. R., Bressan, R. A., & Lacerda, A. L. (2011). Cannabis use before age 15 and subsequent executive functioning. The British Journal of Psychiatry : The Journal of Mental Science, 198(6), 442–447. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.077479

Ganzer, F., Bröning, S., Kraft, S., Sack, P. M., & Thomasius, R. (2016). Weighing the evidence: A systematic review on long-term neurocognitive effects of cannabis use in abstinent adolescents and adults. Neuropsychology Review, 26(2), 186–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-016-9316-2

Gieringer, D. H. (2001). Cannabis “vaporization” a promising strategy for smoke harm reduction. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics, 1(3-4), 153-170. https://doi.org/10.1300/J175v01n03_10

Goldschmidt, L., Richardson, G. A., Larkby, C., & Day, N. L. (2016). Early marijuana initiation: The link between prenatal marijuana exposure, early childhood behavior, and negative adult roles. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 58, 40-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2016.05.011

Government of Canada. (2019). Cannabis: Lower your risks. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/resources/lo Wer-your-risks.html

Government of Canada. (2021). Don’t drive high. https://www.canada.ca/en/campaign/don-t-drive-high.html

Gray, T. R., Eiden, R. D., Leonard, K. E., Connors, G. J., Shisler, S., & Huestis, M. A. (2010). Identifying prenatal cannabis exposure and effects of concurrent tobacco exposure on neonatal growth. Clinical Chemistry, 56(9), 1442–1450. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2010.147876

Grotenhermen, F. (2003). Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 42(4), 327-360. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200342040-00003

Hall, W., & Degenhardt, L. (2008). Cannabis use and the risk of developing a psychotic disorder. World Psychiatry, 7(2), 68-71. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2051-5545.2008.tb00158.x

Hartman, R. L., & Huestis, M. A. (2013). Cannabis effects on driving skills. Clinical Chemistry, 59(3), 478–492. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2012.194381

Hartogsohn, I. (2017). Constructing drug effects: A history of set and setting. Drug Science, Policy and Law, 3. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324516683325

Hawk, M., Coulter, R.W. S., Egan, J. E., Fisk, S., Reuel Friedman, M., Tula, M., & Kinsky, S. (2017). Harm reduction principles for healthcare settings. Harm Reduction Journal, 14(1), 70. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-017-0196-4

Hawke, L. D., Wilkins, L., & Henderson, J. (2020). Early cannabis initiation: Substance use and mental health profiles of service-seeking youth. Journal of Adolescence, 83, 112–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.06.004

Hazekamp, A., Ruhaak, R., Zuurman, L., van Gerven, J., & Verpoorte, R. (2006). Evaluation of a vaporizing device (Volcano®) for the pulmonary administration of tetrahydrocannabinol. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 95(6), 1308-1317. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.20574

Hines, L. A., Freeman, T. P., Gage, S. H., Zammit, S., Hickman, M., Cannon, M., Munafo, M., MacLeod, J., & Heron, J. (2020). Association of high-potency cannabis use with mental health and substance use in adolescence. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(10), 1044-1051. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.1035

Hosseini, S., & Oremus, M. (2019). The effect of age of initiation of cannabis use on psychosis, depression, and anxiety among youth under 25 years. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 64(5), 304-312. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743718809339

Hurd, Y. L., Manzoni, O. J.,Pletnikov, M. V., Lee, F. S., Bhattacharyya, S., & Melis, M. (2019). Cannabis and the developing brain: Insights into its long-lasting effects. Journal of Neuroscience, 39(42), 8250-8258. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1165-19.2019

Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Assess the Science Base for Tobacco Harm Reduction, Stratton, K., Shetty, W., Wallace, R., Bondurant, S. (Eds.). (2001). Clearing the smoke: Assessing the science base for tobacco harm reduction. National Academies Press (US). https://doi.org/10.17226/10029

Koskinen, J., Lohonen, J., Koponen, H., Isohanni, M., & Miettunen, J. (2010). Rate of cannabis use disorders in clinical samples of patients with schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36(6), 1115-1130. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbp031

Lau, N., Sales, P., Averill, S., Murphy, F., Sato, S. O., & Murphy, S. (2015). Responsible and controlled use: Older cannabis users and harm reduction. International Journal of Drug Policy, 26(8), 709-718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.03.008

Lev-Ran, S., Roerecke, M., Le Foll, B., George, T. P., McKenzie, K., & Rehm, J. (2014). The association between cannabis use and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Medicine, 44(4), 797–810. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291713001438

Li, M. C., Brady, J. E., DiMaggio, C. J., Lusardi, A. R., Tzong, K. Y., & Li, G. (2012). Marijuana use and motor vehicle crashes. Epidemiologic Reviews, 34(1), 65-72. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxr017

Looby, A., & Earleywine, M. (2007). Negative consequences associated with dependence in daily cannabis users. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 2(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-597X-2-3

MacCallum, C. A., & Russo, E. B. (2018). Practical considerations in medical cannabis administration and dosing. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 49, 12-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2018.01.004

MacMaster, S. A. (2004). Harm reduction: A new perspective on substance abuse services. Social Work, 49(3), 356-363. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/49.3.353

Marconi, A., Di Forti, M., Lewis, C. M., Murray, R. M., & Vassos, E. (2016). Meta-analysis of the association between the level of cannabis use and risk of psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 42(5), 1262-1269. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbw003

Marlatt, G. A. (1996). Harm reduction: Come as you are. Addictive Behaviors, 21(6), 779-788. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4603(96)00042-1

Moore, T. H., Zammit, S., Lingford-Hughes, A., Barnes, T. R., Jones, P. B., Burke, M., & Lewis, G. (2007). Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: A systematic review. Lancet (London, England), 370(9584), 319–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61162-3

Nickel J. C. (2018). Medical marijuana for urologic chronic pelvic pain. Canadian Urological Association Journal, 12(6 Suppl 3), S181–S183. https://doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.5331

Noack, R., Höfler, M., & Lüken, U. (2011). Cannabis use patterns and their association with dsm-iv cannabis dependence and gender. European Addiction Research, 17(6), 321-328. https://doi.org/10.1159/000333338

Patton, G. C., Coffey, C., Carlin, J. B., Degenhardt, L., Lynskey, M., & Hall, W. (2002). Cannabis use and mental health in young people: Cohort study. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 325(7374), 1195–1198. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7374.1195

Pope Jr, H. G., Gruber, A. J., Hudson, J. I., Cohane, G., Huestis, M. A., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. (2003). Early-onset cannabis use and cognitive deficits: what is the nature of the association? Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 69(3), 303-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0376-8716(02)00334-4

Rogeberg, O., & Elvik, R. (2016). The effects of cannabis intoxication on motor vehicle collision revisited and revised. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 111(8), 1348–1359. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13347

Ruiz-Veguilla, M., Barrigón, M. L., Hernández, L., Rubio, J. L., Gurpegui, M., Sarramea, F., Cervilla, J., Gutiérrez, B., James, A., & Ferrin, M. (2013). Dose–response effect between cannabis use and psychosis liability in a non-clinical population: Evidence from a snowball sample. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47(8), 1036-1043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.03.003

Schlag, A. K., Hindocha, C., Zafar, R., Nutt, D. J., & Curran, H. V. (2021). Cannabis based medicines and cannabis dependence: A critical review of issues and evidence. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 35(7), 773-785. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120986393

Schlossarek, S., Kempkensteffen, J., Reimer, J., & Verthein, U. (2016). Psychosocial determinants of cannabis dependence: A systematic review of the literature. European Addiction Research, 22(3), 131-144. https://doi.org/10.1159/000441777

Schreiber, S., & Pick, C. G. (2019). Cannabis use during pregnancy: Are we at the verge of defining a “fetal cannabis spectrum disorder”? Medical hypotheses, 124, 53-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2019.02.017

Shewan, D., Dalgarno, P., & Reith, G. (2000). Perceived risk and risk reduction among ecstasy users: the role of drug, set, and setting. International Journal of Drug Policy, 10(6), 431-453. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-3959(99)00038-9

Solomon, C. S., Solomon, G. D., & Elliott, W. (2020). The abcs of cbd: The fundamentals of cannabidiol. Primary Care Reports, 26(8). https://www.reliasmedia.com/articles/146607-the-abcs-of-cbd-the-fundamentals-of-canna Bidiol

Stöver, H., & Kastelic, A. (2014). 14. Drug treatment and harm reduction in prisons. Prisons and Health, 113-133. https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/249203/Prisons-and-Health,-14-Dr ug-treatment-and-harm-reduction-in-prisons.pdf

Swift, J., Copeland, S., Lenton, W. (2000). Cannabis and harm reduction. Drug and Alcohol Review, 19(1), 101-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230096200

Swift, W., Coffey, C., Carlin, J. B., Degenhardt, L., & Patton, G. C. (2008). Adolescent cannabis users at 24 years: Trajectories to regular weekly use and dependence in young adulthood. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 103(8), 1361-1370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02246.x

Tabchi, S., & Ghosn, M. (2015). Regorafenib: start low and go slow. Targeted Oncology, 10(3), 445-447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11523-014-0352-7

Tashkin, D. P., Gliederer, F., Rose, J., Change, P., Hui, K. K., Yu, J. L., & Wu, T. C. (1991). Effects of varying marijuana smoking profile on deposition of tar and absorption of co and delta-9-thc. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 40(3), 651–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(91)90377-e

Van Dam, N. T., & Earleywine, M. (2010). Pulmonary function in cannabis users: Support for a clinical trial of the vaporizer. International Journal of Drug Policy, 21(6), 511-513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2010.04.001

Willford, J. A., Chandler, L. S., Goldschmidt, L., & Day, N. L. (2010). Effects of prenatal tobacco, alcohol and marijuana exposure on processing speed, visual-motor coordination, and interhemispheric transfer. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 32(6), 580–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2010.06.004

Winters, K. C., & Lee, C. S. (2007;2008;). Likelihood of developing an alcohol and cannabis use disorder during youth: Association with recent use and age. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 92(1), 239-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.08.005

Zacny, J. P., & Chait, L. D. (1989). Breathhold duration and response to marijuana smoke. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 33(2), 481–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(89)90534-0

Zacny, J. P., & Chait, L. D. (1991). Response to marijuana as a function of potency and breathhold duration. Psychopharmacology, 103(2), 223-226. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02244207

Zinberg, N. E. (1984). Drug, set, and setting: The basis for controlled intoxicant use. Yale University Press.

Browne, J. (2016). How to smoke weed for maximum enjoyment: Tips for first-timers. The Cannabist. https://www.thecannabist.co/2016/10/07/how-to-smoke-weed-tips-enjoying-first-high/60 322/

Dalgarno, P., & Shewan, D. (2005). Reducing the risks of drug use: The case for set and setting. Addiction Research & Theory, 13(3), 259-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066350500053562

Fagan, J. (1993). Set and setting revisited: Influences of alcohol and illicit drugs on the social context of violent events. Alcohol and Interpersonal Violence: Fostering Multidisciplinary Perspectives, 93, 161-191. https://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ZYNHAAAAMAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA161 &ots=hP-mvJ4t5B&sig=ghOAlNSJ5c-515ohlb9ogd7XVxY&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q &f=false

Goulding, C., Shankar, A., Elliott, R., & Canniford, R. (2009). The marketplace management of illicit pleasure. Journal of Consumer Research, 35(5), 759-771. https://doi.org/10.1086/592946

Haijen, E. C., Kaelen, M., Roseman, L., Timmermann, C., Kettner, H., Russ, S., Nutt, D., Daws, R. E., Hampshire, A. D. G., Lorenz, R., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2018). Predicting responses to psychedelics: A prospective study. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9, 897. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00897

Hartogsohn, I. (2017). Constructing drug effects: A history of set and setting. Drug Science, Policy and Law. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324516683325

Janikian, M. (2020). Why don’t we talk about “Set and setting” when it comes to cannabis? Merry Jane. https://merryjane.com/culture/why-dont-we-talk-about-set-and-setting-when-it-comes-to-cannabis

Lau, N., Sales, P., Averill, S., Murphy, F., Sato, S., & Murphy, S. (2015a). A safer alternative: Cannabis substitution as harm reduction. Drug and Alcohol Review, 34(6), 654-659. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12275

Lau, N., Sales, P., Averill, S., Murphy, F., Sato, S., & Murphy, S. (2015b). Responsible and controlled use: Older cannabis users and harm reduction. The International Journal of Drug Policy, 26(8), 709-718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.03.008

Leary, T., Litwin, G. H., & Metzner, R. (1963). Reactions to psilocybin administered in a supportive environment. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 137(6), 561-573. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-196312000-00007

Mason, N. L., Dolder, P. C., & Kuypers, K. P. (2020). Reported effects of psychedelic use on those with low well-being given various emotional states and social contexts. Drug Science, Policy and Law, 6, 2050324519900068. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324519900068

McElrath, K., & McEvoy, K. (2002). Negative experience on ecstasy: The role of drug, set and setting. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 34(2), 199-208. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2002.10399954

Metzner, R., & Leary, T. (1967). On programming psychedelic experiences. Psychedelic Review, 9, 5-19. https://maps.org/research-archive/psychedelicreview/n09/n09005met.pdf

Monshouwer, K., Van Laar, M., Vollebergh, W. A. (2011). Buying cannabis in ‘coffee shops’. Drug and Alcohol Review, 30(2), 148–156. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-3362.2010.00268.x

Neitzke-Spruill, L. (2020). Race as a component of set and setting: How experiences of race can influence psychedelic experiences. Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 4(1), 51-60. https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2019.022

NORML. (1996). Principles of responsible cannabis use. https://norml.org/principles/

Schall, M., Kemeny, A., & Maltzman, I. (1992). Factors associated with alcohol use in university students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 53(2), 122-136. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.1992.53.122

Shewan, D., Dalgarno, P., & Reith, G. (2000). Perceived risk and risk reduction among ecstasy users: The role of drug, set, and setting. International Journal of Drug Policy, 10(6), 431-453. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-3959(99)00038-9

Skliamis, K., Benschop, A., Liebregts, N., & Korf, D. J. (2021). Where, when and with whom: Cannabis use, settings and self-regulation rules. Contemporary Drug Problems, 48(3), 241-259. https://doi.org/10.1177/00914509211033921

Zinberg, N. E. (1984). Drug, set, and setting: The basis for controlled intoxicant use. Yale University Press.

Cannabis Consumption Makes You Lazy and Unsuccessful

Barnwell, S. S., Earleywine, M., & Wilcox, R. (2006). Cannabis, motivation, and life satisfaction in an internet sample. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention and Policy, 1(1), 2-2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-597X-1-2

Bloomfield, M. A. P., Morgan, C. J. A., Kapur, S., Curran, H. V., & Howes, O. D. (2014). The link between dopamine function and apathy in cannabis users: An [18f]-dopa pet imaging study. Psychopharmacology, 231(11), 2251-2259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-014-3523-4

Duncan, D. F. (1987). Lifetime prevalence of “Amotivational syndrome" among users and non users of hashish. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 1(2), 114-119. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0080444

EMCCDA. (2006). The state of the drug problems in europe. Lisbon: EMCDDA.

Gerard, A. (2014, May 21). Medical cannabis and the myth of amotivational syndrome. in-Training. https://in-training.org/medical-cannabis-myth-amotivational-syndrome-6905

Government of Canada. (2021, August 12). Canadian cannabis survey 2020: Summary. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/research- data/canadian-cannabis-survey-2020-summary.html

Joo, S. H., Durband, D. B., & Grable, J. (2008). The academic impact of financial stress on college students. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 10(3), 287-305. https://doi.org/10.2190/CS.10.3.c

Kouri, E., Pope Jr, H. G., Yurgelun-Todd, D., & Gruber, S. (1995). Attributes of heavy vs. occasional marijuana smokers in a college population. Biological Psychiatry, 38(7), 475-481. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(94)00325-w

Krumrei-Mancuso, E. J., Newton, F. B., Kim, E., & Wilcox, D. (2013). Psychosocial factors predicting first-year college student success. Journal of College Student Development, 54(3), 247-266. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2013.0034

Lac, A., & Luk, J. W. (2018). Testing the amotivational syndrome: Marijuana use longitudinally predicts lower self-efficacy even after controlling for demographics, personality, and alcohol and cigarette use. Prevention Science, 19(2), 117-126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-017-0811-3

Mattern, K. D., & Shaw, E. J. (2010). A look beyond cognitive predictors of academic success: Understanding the relationship between academic self-beliefs and outcomes. Journal of College Student Development, 51(6), 665-678. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2010.0017

Mauger, C. (2020). 'Are you high?': Marijuana advocates fume over new state-backed ads. The Detroit News. https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/2020/01/17/are-you-high-marijuana-advocates-fume-over-new-state-backed-ads/4502648002/

Musty, R. E., & Kaback, L. (1995). Relationships between motivation and depression in chronic marijuana users. Life Sciences, 56(23-24), 2151-2158. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(95)00202-h

Petrucci, A. S., LaFrance, E. M., & Cuttler, C. (2020). A comprehensive examination of the links between cannabis use and motivation. Substance Use & Misuse, 55(7), 1155-1164. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2020.1729203

Pike, G. R., Kuh, G. D., & Massa-McKinley, R. C. (2008). First-year students' employment, engagement, and academic achievement: Untangling the relationship between work and grades. NASPA Journal, 45(4), 560-582. https://doi.org/10.2202/1949-6605.2011

Reilly, D., Didcott, P., Swift, W., & Hall, W. (1998). Long‐term cannabis use: Characteristics of users in an australian rural area. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 93(6), 837-846. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.9368375.x

Robb, C. A., Moody, B., & Abdel-Ghany, M. (2012). College student persistence to degree: The burden of debt. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 13(4), 431-456. https://doi.org/10.2190/CS.13.4.b

Suresh, K. (2011). An overview of randomization techniques: An unbiased assessment of outcome in clinical research. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences, 4(1), 8-11. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-1208.82352

van Ours, J. C., & Williams, J. (2015). Cannabis use and its effects on health, education and labor market success. Journal of Economic Surveys, 29(5), 993-1010. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12070

Wahlquist, C. (2015). ‘Stoner sloth’ anti-drug campaign gets reality check as medical experts walk away. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/dec/20/stoner-sloth-anti-drug-campaign-gets-reality-check-as-medical-experts-walk-away

You Won’t Get High the First Time You Try Cannabis

Becker, H. S. (1953). Becoming a marihuana user. American journal of Sociology, 59(3), 235-242. https://doi.org/10.1086/221326

Grotenhermen, F. (2003). Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 42(4), 327-360. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200342040-00003

Huestis MA. (2007). Human cannabinoid pharmacokinetics. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 4(8):1770–1804. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200790152

MacCallum, C. A., & Russo, E. B. (2018). Practical considerations in medical cannabis administration and dosing. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 49, 12-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2018.01.004

Novak, W. (1980). High culture: Marijuana in the lives of americans. Random House (NY).

Cannabis is a Gateway Drug

Choo, T., Roh, S., & Robinson, M. (2008). Assessing the “Gateway hypothesis” among middle and high school students in Tennessee. Journal of Drug Issues, 38(2), 467-492. https://doi.org/10.1177/002204260803800205

Fergusson, D. M., Boden, J. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2006). Cannabis use and other illicit drug use: Testing the cannabis gateway hypothesis. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 101(4), 556-569. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01322.x

Fergusson, D. M., Boden, J. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2006). Testing the cannabis gateway hypothesis: Replies to Hall, Kandel et al. and MacCoun (2006). Addiction, 101(4), 474-476. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01450.x

Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2000). Does cannabis use encourage other forms of illicit drug use? Addiction (Abingdon, England), 95(4), 505-520. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.9545053.x

Jorgensen, C., & Wells, J. (2021). Is marijuana really a gateway drug? A nationally representative test of the marijuana gateway hypothesis using a propensity score matching design. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-021-09464-z

Kandel, D. (1975). Stages in adolescent involvement in drug use. Science (New York, N.Y.), 190(4217), 912-914. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1188374

Kandel, D., & Faust, R. (1975). Sequence and stages in patterns of adolescent drug use. Archives of General Psychiatry, 32(7), 923-932. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1975.01760250115013

Kandel, D. B., Yamaguchi, K., & Klein, L. C. (2006). Testing the gateway hypothesis. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 101(4), 470-476. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01426.x

Maccoun, R. J. (2006). Competing accounts of the gateway effect: The field thins, but still no clear winner. Addiction, 101(4), 473-474. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01428.x

Melberg, H. O., Jones, A. M., & Bretteville-Jensen, A. L. (2010). Is cannabis a gateway to hard drugs? Empirical Economics, 38(3), 583-603. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-009-0280-z

Miller, M. L., & Hurd, Y. L. (2017). Testing the gateway hypothesis. Neuropsychopharmacology, 42(5), 985-986. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2016.279

Nkansah-Amankra, S., & Minelli, M. (2016). “Gateway hypothesis” and early drug use: Additional findings from tracking a population-based sample of adolescents to adulthood. Preventive Medicine Reports, 4, 134-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.05.003

Noel, W.M. & Wang, J. (2018). Is cannabis a gateway drug? Key findings and literature review. National Institute of Justice. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/252950.pdf

Robinson, M. B. (2006). Why crime?:An integrated systems theory of antisocial behavior. Recording for the blind & dyslexic. Pearson/Prentice Hall.

Cannabis is So Much Stronger Today Than it Was in The 1900s

Chandra, S., Radwan, M. M., Majumdar, C. G., Church, J. C., Freeman, T. P., & ElSohly, M. A. (2019). New trends in cannabis potency in USA and Europe during the last decade (2008–2017). European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 269(1), 5-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-019-00983-5

ElSohly, M. A., Mehmedic, Z., Foster, S., Gon, C., Chandra, S., & Church, J. C. (2016). Changes in cannabis potency over the last 2 decades (1995–2014): Analysis of current data in the United States. Biological Psychiatry, 79(7), 613-619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.01.004

Freeman, T. P., Groshkova, T., Cunningham, A., Sedefov, R., Griffiths, P., & Lynskey, M. T. (2019). Increasing potency and price of cannabis in Europe, 2006–16. Addiction (Abingdon, Endland),114(6), 1015-1023. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14525

King, L. (2008). Understanding cannabis potency and monitoring cannabis products in europe. In S. R. Sznitman, B. Olsson, & R. Room (Eds.), A cannabis reader - global issues and local experiences (pp.239-259). European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction.

Le France, A. (2010). Was marijuana really less potent in the 1960s? The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/03/was-marijuana-really-less-potent-in-the-1960s/387010/

McLaren, J., Swift, W., Dillon, P., & Allsop, S. (2008). Cannabis potency and contamination: a review of the literature. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 103(7), 1100-1109. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02230.x

Mehmedic, Z., Chandra, S., Slade, D., Denham, H., Foster, S., Patel, A. S., Ross, S. A., Khan, I. A., & ElSohly, M. A. (2010). Potency trends of Δ9‐THC and other cannabinoids in confiscated cannabis preparations from 1993 to 2008. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 55(5), 1209-1217. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01441.x

The Thistle. (2000). Myths about marijuana. https://www.mit.edu/~thistle/v13/2/myths.html

Cannabis Will Make You a Criminal

Adda, J., McConnell, B., & Rasul, I. (2014). Crime and the depenalization of cannabis possession: Evidence from a policing experiment. Journal of Political Economy,122(5), 1130-1202. https://doi.org/10.1086/676932

Boyd, S. (2010). Reefer madness and beyond. In M. Deflem (Ed.), Popular culture, crime and social control (pp.3-24). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1521-6136(2010)0000014004

Brinkman, J., & Mok-Lamme, D. (2019). Not in my backyard? Not so fast. The effect of marijuana legalization on neighborhood crime. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 78, 103460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2019.103460

Dellazizzo, L., Potvin, S., Athanassiou, M., & Dumais, A. (2020). Violence and cannabis use: A focused review of a forgotten aspect in the era of liberalizing cannabis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 567887-567887. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.567887

Denson, T. F., & Earleywine, M. (2008). Self-reported use of alcohol, marijuana, and hard drugs and aggression: A structural equation modeling analysis of an internet survey of long term marijuana users. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma, 16(2), 164-180. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926770801921469

Drug Enforcement Administration Museum & Visitors Center (n.d.). Harry jacob anslinger 1930s. https://deamuseum.org/anslinger/in-charge/

Freisthler, B., Gaidus, A., Tam, C., Ponicki, W. R., & Gruenewald, P. J. (2017). From medical to recreational marijuana sales: Marijuana outlets and crime in an era of changing marijuana legislation. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 38(3), 249–263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-017-0472-9

Green, K. M., Doherty, E. E., Stuart, E. A., & Ensminger, M. E. (2010). Does heavy adolescent marijuana use lead to criminal involvement in adulthood? Evidence from a multiwave longitudinal study of urban african americans. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 112(1-2), 117-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.05.018

Huber III, A., Newman, R., & LaFave, D. (2016). Cannabis control and crime: Medicinal use, depenalization and the war on drugs. The BE Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 16(4). https://doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2015-0167

Ostrowsky, M. K. (2011). Does marijuana use lead to aggression and violent behavior? Journal of Drug Education, 41(4), 369-389. https://doi.org/10.2190/DE.41.4.c

Pacula, R. L., & Kilmer, B. (2003). Marijuana and crime: Is there a connection beyond prohibition? National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/papers/w10046

Pedersen, W., & Skardhamar, T. (2010). Cannabis and crime: findings from a longitudinal study. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 105(1), 109-118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02719.x

Riggs, N. R., Chou, C., & Pentz, M. A. (2009). Protecting against intergenerational problem behavior: Mediational effects of prevented marijuana use on second-generation parent child relationships and child impulsivity. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 100(1-2), 153-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.10.003

Solomon, R. (2020). Racism and its effect on cannabis research. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 5(1), 2-5. https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2019.0063

Stringer, R. J., & Maggard, S. R. (2016). Reefer madness to marijuana legalization: Media exposure and american attitudes toward marijuana (1975-2012). Journal of Drug Issues, 46(4), 428-445. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022042616659762

Weed Maps. (n.d.). Does smoking weed kill brain cells? https://weedmaps.com/learn/cannabis-and-your-body/does-smoking-weed-kill-brain-cells

Wei, E. H., Loeber, R., & White, H. R. (2004). Teasing apart the developmental associations between alcohol and marijuana use and violence. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 20(2), 166–183.https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986204263777

Smoking Cannabis Kills Brain Cells

Burggren, A. C., Shirazi, A., Ginder, N., & London, E. D. (2019). Cannabis effects on brain structure, function, and cognition: Considerations for medical uses of cannabis and its derivatives. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 45(6), 563-579. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2019.1634086

Chang, L., Yakupov, R., Cloak, C., & Ernst, T. (2006). Marijuana use is associated with a reorganized visual-attention network and cerebellar hypoactivation. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 129(Pt 5), 1096-1112. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awl064

Chen, Y., & Buck, J. (2000). Cannabinoids protect cells from oxidative cell death: A receptor-independent mechanism. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 293(3), 807-812. https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/293/3/807

Chu, Y. W. L., & Gershenson, S. (2018). High times: The effect of medical marijuana laws on student time use. Economics of Education Review, 66, 142-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2018.08.003

Colizzi, M., Tosato, S., & Ruggeri, M. (2020). Cannabis and cognition: Connecting the dots towards the understanding of the relationship. Brain Sciences, 10(3), 133. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10030133

Cousijn, J., Wiers, R. W., Ridderinkhof, K. R., van den Brink, W., Veltman, D. J., & Goudriaan, A. E. (2014). Effect of baseline cannabis use and working‐memory network function on changes in cannabis use in heavy cannabis users: A prospective fMRI study. Human Brain Mapping, 35(5), 2470-2482. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22342

Fishbein, M., Gov, S., Assaf, F., Gafni, M., Keren, O., & Sarne, Y. (2012). Long-term behavioral and biochemical effects of an ultra-low dose of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): Neuroprotection and ERK signaling. Experimental Brain Research, 221(4), 437-448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-012-3186-5

Harvey, M. A., Sellman, J. D., Porter, R. J., & Frampton, C. M. (2007). The relationship between non-acute adolescent cannabis use and cognition. Drug and Alcohol Review, 26(3), 309-319. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230701247772

Heath, R. G. (1973). Marijuana: Effects on deep and surface electroencephalograms of rhesus monkeys. Neuropharmacology, 12(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3908(73)90126-3

Jager, G., Kahn, R. S., Van Den Brink, W., Van Ree, J.,M., & Ramsey, N. F. (2006). Long-term effects of frequent cannabis use on working memory and attention: An fMRI 22 study. Psychopharmacology, 185(3), 358-368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-005-0298-7

Jiang, W., Zhang, Y., Xiao, L., Van Cleemput, J., Ji, S. P., Bai, G., & Zhang, X. (2005). Cannabinoids promote embryonic and adult hippocampus neurogenesis and produce anxiolytic-and antidepressant-like effects. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 115(11), 3104-3116. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI25509

Kanayama, G., Rogowska, J., Pope, H. G., Gruber, S. A., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. (2004). Spatial working memory in heavy cannabis users: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychopharmacology, 176(3), 239-247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-004-1885-8

Loreto, M. (2021). Does smoking weed kill a person’s brain cells? The Growth Op. nabis-news/does-smoking-weed-kill-a-persons-brain-cells

Mechoulam, R., Panikashvili, D., & Shohami, E. (2002). Cannabinoids and brain injury: Therapeutic implications. Trends in Molecular Medicine, 8(2), 58-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1471-4914(02)02276-1

Moreau, J. (2016). “I learned it by watching you!” The partnership for a drug-free america and the attack on “Responsible use” education in the 1980s. Journal of Social History, 49(3), 710-737. https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shv062

O’Neal, C. M., Baker, C. M., Glenn, C. A., Conner, A. K., & Sughrue, M. E. (2017). Dr. robert g. heath: A controversial figure in the history of deep brain stimulation. Neurosurgical Focus, 43(3), E12. https://doi.org/10.3171/2017.6.FOCUS17252

Pope Jr, H. G., Gruber, A. J., Hudson, J. I., Cohane, G., Huestis, M. A., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. (2003). Early-onset cannabis use and cognitive deficits: What is the nature of the association? Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 69(3), 303-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0376-8716(02)00334-4

Schoeler, T., Kambeitz, J., Behlke, I., Murray, R., & Bhattacharyya, S. (2016). The effects of cannabis on memory function in users with and without a psychotic disorder: Findings from a combined meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 46(1), 177-188. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001646

Schreiner, A. M., & Dunn, M. E. (2012). Residual effects of cannabis use on neurocognitive performance after prolonged abstinence: A meta-analysis. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 20(5), 420-429. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029117

The Thistle. (2000). Myths about marijuana. https://www.mit.edu/~thistle/v13/2/myths.html

Yanes, J. A., Riedel, M. C., Ray, K. L., Kirkland, A. E., Bird, R. T., Boeving, E. R., Reid, M. A., Gonzalez, R., Robinson, J. L., Laird, A. R., & Sutherland, M. T. (2018). Neuroimaging meta-analysis of cannabis use studies reveals convergent functional alterations in brain regions supporting cognitive control and reward processing. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 32(3), 283-295. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881117744995

You Can Drive Better When You’re High

Asbridge, M., Mann, R., Cusimano, M. D., Trayling, C., Roerecke, M., Tallon, J. M., Whipp, A., & Rehm, J. (2014). Cannabis and traffic collision risk: Findings from a case-crossover study of injured drivers presenting to emergency departments. International Journal of Public Health, 59(2), 395-404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-013-0512-z

Bédard, M., Dubois, S., & Weaver, B. (2007). The impact of cannabis on driving. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 98(1), 6-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03405376

Downey, L. A., King, R., Papafotiou, K., Swann, P., Ogden, E., Boorman, M., & Stough, C. (2013). The effects of cannabis and alcohol on simulated driving: Influences of dose and experience. Accident; analysis and prevention, 50, 879–886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2012.07.016

Fischer, B., Russell, C., Sabioni, P., Van Den Brink, W., Le Foll, B., Hall, W., Rehm, J., & Room, R. (2017). Lower-risk cannabis use guidelines: A comprehensive update of evidence and recommendations. American Journal of Public Health, 107(8), E1-E12. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303818

Government of Canada. (2021). Don’t drive high. https://www.canada.ca/en/campaign/don-t-drive-high.html

Hartman, R. L., & Huestis, M. A. (2013). Cannabis effects on driving skills. Clinical Chemistry, 59(3), 478–492. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2012.194381

McCartney, D., Arkell, T. R., Irwin, C., & McGregor, I. S. (2021). Determining the magnitude  and duration of acute [DELTA].sup.9-tetrahydrocannabinol -induced driving and  cognitive impairment: A systematic and meta-analysis review. Neuroscience and  Biobehavioral Reviews, 126, 175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.003

Ramaekers, J. G., Robbe, H. W., & O'Hanlon, J. F. (2000). Marijuana, alcohol and actual driving performance. Human Psychopharmacology, 15(7), 551–558. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1077(200010)15:7<551::AID-HUP236>3.0.CO;2-P

Swift, W., Copeland, J., Lenton, S. (2000). Cannabis and harm reduction. Drug and Alcohol Review, 19(1), 101-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230096200

It’s Natural So it’s Harmless

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

Budney, A. J., Hughes, J. R., Moore, B. A., & Vandrey, R. (2004). Review of the validity and significance of cannabis withdrawal syndrome. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(11), 1967-1977. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.11.1967

Casadio, P., Fernandes, C., Murray, R. M., & Di Forti, M. (2011). Cannabis use in young people: The risk for schizophrenia. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(8), 1779-1787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.04.007

Joshi, M., Joshi, A., & Bartter, T. (2014). Marijuana and lung diseases. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine, 20(2), 173-179. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0000000000000026

Moir, D., Rickert, W. S., Levasseur, G., Larose, Y., Maertens, R., White, P., & Desjardins, S. (2008). A comparison of mainstream and sidestream marijuana and tobacco cigarette smoke produced under two machine smoking conditions. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 21(2), 494-502. https://doi.org/10.1021/tx700275p

Moore, T. H., Zammit, S., Lingford-Hughes, A., Barnes, T. R., Jones, P. B., Burke, M., & Lewis, G. (2007). Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: a systematic review. Lancet (London, England), 370(9584), 319-328. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61162-3

Patel, J., & Marwaha, R. (2021). Cannabis use disorder. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538131/

Salas-Wright, C. P., Carbone, J. T., Holzer, K. J., & Vaughn, M. G. (2019). Prevalence and correlates of cannabis poisoning diagnosis in a national emergency department sample. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 204, 107564-107564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107564

If You Hold the Smoke in Longer You Get More High

Azorlosa, J. L., Greenwald, M. K., & Stitzer, M. L. (1995). Marijuana smoking: Effects of varying puff volume and breathhold duration. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 272(2), 560-569. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7853169/

Farris, S. G., & Metrik, J. (2016). Acute effects of cannabis on breath-holding duration. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 24(4), 305–312. https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000075

McClure, E. A., Stitzer, M. L., & Vandrey, R. (2012). Characterizing smoking topography of cannabis in heavy users. Psychopharmacology, 220(2), 309-318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2480-4

Zacny, J. P., & Chait, L. D. (1989). Breathhold duration and response to marijuana smoke. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 33(2), 481–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(89)90534-0

Zacny, J. P., & Chait, L. D. (1991). Response to marijuana as a function of potency and breathhold duration. Psychopharmacology, 103(2), 223-226. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02244207

If You Eat Raw Cannabis, You Will Get High

Blake, A., & Nahtigal, I. (2019). The evolving landscape of cannabis edibles. Current Opinion in Food Science, 28, 25-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2019.03.009

Hädener, M., Vieten, S., Weinmann, W., & Mahler, H. (2019). A preliminary investigation of lung availability of cannabinoids by smoking marijuana or dabbing BHO and decarboxylation rate of THC-and CBD-acids. Forensic Science International, 295, 207-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.12.021

Moreno, T., Dyer, P., & Tallon, S. (2020). Cannabinoid decarboxylation: A comparative kinetic study. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 59(46), 20307-20315. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.0c03791

Nuapia, Y., Maraba, K., Tutu, H., Chimuka, L., & Cukrowska, E. (2021). In situ decarboxylation-pressurized hot water extraction for selective extraction of cannabinoids from cannabis sativa. Chemometric Approach. Molecules, 26(11), 3343. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113343

Wang, M., Wang, Y., Avula, B., Radwan, M. M., Wanas, A. S., van Antwerp, J., Parcher, J. F., ElSohly, M. A., & Khan, I. A. (2016). Decarboxylation study of acidic cannabinoids: A novel approach using ultra-high-performance supercritical fluid chromatography/photodiode array-mass spectrometry. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 1(1), 262-271. https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2016.0020

Having Cannabis in Your System (ex. Blood Test) Means You are High

Odell, M. S., Frei, M. Y., Gerostamoulos, D., Chu, M., & Lubman, D. I. (2015). Residual cannabis levels in blood, urine and oral fluid following heavy cannabis use. Forensic  Science International, 249, 173-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.01.026

Cannabis and Anesthesia

Imasogie, N., Rose, R. V., & Wilson, A. (2021). High quantities: Evaluating the association between cannabis use and propofol anesthesia during endoscopy. PloS One, 16(3), e0248062-e0248062. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248062

Sadighi, T., & Londahl-Ramsey, V. (2021). Cannabis use: Change in screening for primary care preoperative clearance. Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 17(7), 819-822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2021.02.021

Cannabis Harms the Developing Brain

Shen, H. (2020). News feature: Cannabis and the adolescent brain. PNAS, 117(1), 7-11. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1920325116

Cannabis Users are Drug Addicts

Government of Canada. (2021, July 2). Addiction to cannabis. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/healtheffects/addiction.html

You Can Become Addicted After One Try

Behrendt, S., Wittchen, H., Höfler, M., Lieb, R., & Beesdo, K. (2008;2009;). Transitions from first substance use to substance use disorders in adolescence: Is early onset associated with a rapid escalation? Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 99(1), 68-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.06.014

Abrams, D. I., Vizoso, H. P., Shade, S. B., Jay, C., Kelly, M. E., & Benowitz, N. L. (2007). Vaporization as a smokeless cannabis delivery system: a pilot study. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 82(5), 572-578. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.clpt.6100200

Adams, I. B., & Martin, B. R. (1996). Cannabis: Pharmacology and toxicology in animals and humans. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 91(11), 1585-1614. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1996.911115852.x

Alger, B. E. (2013). Getting high on the endocannabinoid system. Cerebrum : The Dana Forum on Brain Science,  2013, 14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3997295/

Allen, J. A., Davis, K. C., Duke, J. C., Nonnemaker, J. M., Bradfield, B. R., & Farrelly, M. C. (2017). New product trial, use of edibles, and unexpected highs among marijuana and hashish users in colorado. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 176, 44-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.006

Arboleda, M. F., Prosk, E., Cyr, C., Gamaoun, R., & Vigano, A. (2020). Medical cannabis in supportive cancer care: Lessons from Canada. Supportive Care in Cancer: Official Journal of Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer, 28(7), 2999-3001. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-020-05403-2

Aston, E. R., Scott, B., & Farris, S. G. (2019). A qualitative analysis of cannabis vaporization among medical users. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 27(4), 301-308. https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000279

Azofeifa, A., Mattson, M. E., Schauer, G., McAfee, T., Grant, A., & Lyerla, R. (2016). National estimates of marijuana use and related indicators — national survey on drug use and health, united states, 2002–2014. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Surveillance summaries (Washington, D.C.: 2002), 65(11), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6511a1

Baron, E. P. (2015). Comprehensive review of medicinal marijuana, cannabinoids, and therapeutic implications in medicine and headache: What a long strange trip it's been. Headache, 55(6), 885-916. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.12570

Barrus, D. G., Capogrossi, K. L., Cates, S. C., Gourdet, C. K., Peiper, N. C., Novak, S. P., Lefever, T. W., & Wiley, J. L. (2016). Tasty thc: Promises and challenges of cannabis edibles. Methods report (RTI Press), 2016, 10.3768/rtipress.2016.op.0035.1611. https://doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2016.op.0035.1611

Benjamin, D. M., & Fossler, M. J. (2016). Edible cannabis products: it is time for FDA oversight. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 56(9), 1045-1047. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.778

Benzinga. (2018, March 30). Smoking is just one way to use marijuana: An introduction to vaporizers, edibles, oils, tinctures, dabs and other cannabis products. https://www.benzinga.com/general/biotech/18/03/11035855/smoking-is-just-one-way-to-use-marijuana-an-introduction-to-vaporizer

Birnbaum, A. K., Karanam, A., Marino, S. E., Barkley, C. M., Remmel, R. P., Roslawski, M., Gramling‐Aden, M., & Leppik, I. E. (2019). Food effect on pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol oral capsules in adult patients with refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia (Copenhagen), 60(8), 1586-1592. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.16093

Bjorge, P. (2020, March 4). Cannabis tinctures 101: How to make, consume, and dose them. Leafly. https://www.leafly.ca/news/cannabis-101/cannabis-tinctures-101-what-are-they-how-to-make-them-and-how-to

Blake, A., & Nahtigal, I. (2019). The evolving landscape of cannabis edibles. Current Opinion in Food Science, 28, 25-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2019.03.009

Bloor, R. N., Wang, T. S., Spanel, P., & Smith, D. (2008). Ammonia release from heated ‘street’ cannabis leaf and its potential toxic effects on cannabis users. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 103(10), 1671-1677. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02281.x

Borodovsky, J. T., Crosier, B. S., Lee, D. C., Sargent, J. D., & Budney, A. J. (2016). Smoking, vaping, eating: Is legalization impacting the way people use cannabis? The International Journal of Drug Policy, 36, 141-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.02.022

Borodovsky, J. T., Lee, D. C., Crosier, B. S., Gabrielli, J. L., Sargent, J. D., & Budney, A. J. (2017). U.S. cannabis legalization and use of vaping and edible products among youth. Drug and alcohol dependence, 177, 299-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.02.017

Bottorff, J. L., Bissell, L. J., Balneaves, L. G., Oliffe, J. L., Capler, N. R., & Buxton, J. (2013). Perceptions of cannabis as a stigmatized medicine: A qualitative descriptive study. Harm Reduction Journal, 10(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-10-2

Calapai, F., Cardia, L., Sorbara, E. E., Navarra, M., Gangemi, S., Calapai, G., & Mannucci, C. (2020). Cannabinoids, blood-brain barrier, and brain disposition. Pharmaceutics, 12(3), 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12030265

Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction. (2019). 7 things about edible cannabis. https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-06/CCSA-7-Things-About-Edible-Cannabis-2019-en.pdf

Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction. (2019). Edible cannabis: Always read the label. https://ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-10/CCSA-Edible-Cannabis-Read-Label-Infographic-2019-en.pdf

Cannabis Regulations (SOR/2018-144). https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/Regulations/SOR-2018-144/index.html 

Capano, A., Weaver, R., & Burkman, E. (2020). Evaluation of the effects of CBD hemp extract on opioid use and quality of life indicators in chronic pain patients: A prospective cohort study. Postgraduate Medicine, 132(1), 56-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/00325481.2019.1685298

Carter, G. T., Weydt, P., Kyashna-Tocha, M., & Abrams, D. I. (2004). Medicinal cannabis: Rational guidelines for dosing. IDrugs: The Investigational Drugs Journal, 7(5), 464-470. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15154108/

Chait, L. D., & Zacny, J. P. (1992). Reinforcing and subjective effects of oral Δ 9-thc and smoked marijuana in humans. Psychopharmacology, 107(2), 255-262. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02245145

Cone, E. J., Johnson, R. E., Paul, B. D., Mell, L. D., & Mitchell, J. (1988). Marijuana-laced brownies: Behavioral effects, physiologic effects, and urinalysis in humans following ingestion. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 12(4), 169-175. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/12.4.169

Cranford, J. A., Bohnert, K. M., Perron, B. E., Bourque, C., & Ilgen, M. (2016). Prevalence and correlates of “Vaping” as a route of cannabis administration in medical cannabis patients. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 169, 41– 47. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.10.008

CSSDP. (2018). Sensible cannabis education - A toolkit for educating youth. https://cssdp.org/uploads/2018/04/Sensible-Cannabis-Education-A-Toolkit-for-Educating -Youth.pdf

CSSDP. (2019). Cannabis harm reduction. https://cssdp.org/uploads/2019/09/Cannabis-Harm-Reduction.pdf

Curran, V. H., Brignell, C., Fletcher, S., Middleton, P., & Henry, J. (2002). Cognitive and subjective dose-response effects of acute oral Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (thc) in infrequent cannabis users. Psychopharmacology, 164(1), 61-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-002-1169-0

Cuttler, C., Mischley, L. K., & Sexton, M. (2016). Sex differences in cannabis use and effects: A cross-sectional survey of cannabis users. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 1(1), 166-175. https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2016.0010

Dalgarno, P., & Shewan, D. (2005). Reducing the risks of drug use: The case for set and setting. Addiction Research & Theory, 13(3), 259-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066350500053562

Ewusi Boisvert, E., Bae, D., Pang, R. D., Davis, J. P., Kelley-Quon, L. I., Barrington-Trimis, J. L., Kirkpatrick, M. G., Chai, S. H., & Leventhal, A. M. (2020). Subjective effects of combustible, vaporized, and edible cannabis: Results from a survey of adolescent cannabis users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 206, 107716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107716

Farmer, S., Slavin, M. N., Loflin, M. J. E., Luba, R., & Earleywine, M. (2019). Aversiveness and meaningfulness of uncomfortable experiences with edible cannabis. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 51(5), 413-420. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2019.1645371

Fligiel, S. E., Roth, M. D., Kleerup, E. C., Barsky, S. H., Simmons, M. S., & Tashkin, D. P. (1997). Tracheobronchial histopathology in habitual smokers of cocaine, marijuana, and/or tobacco. Chest, 112(2), 319-326. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.112.2.319

Franciosi, A. (2017). THC patch: The ultimate guide to thc transdermal patches. Honest Marijuana. https://honestmarijuana.com/thc-patch/

Geshtakovska, G., & Stefkov, G. (2016). Routes of cannabis administration: A brief review. Your hosts Macedonian Pharmaceutical Association and Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 515. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marija-Vavlukis/publication/303899331_Impact_of_SLCO1B1_521TC_and_388AG_polymorphisms_on_response_to_atorvastatin_in_the_albanian_population/links/575bf9a708ae9a9c9556fa65/Impact-of-SLCO1B1-521TC-and-388AG-polymorphisms-on-response-to-atorvastatin-in-the-albanian-population.pdf#page=515

Ghosh, T. S., Van Dyke, M., Maffey, A., Whitley, E., Erpelding, D., & Wolk, L. (2015). Medical marijuana’s public health lessons—implications for retail marijuana in Colorado. The New England Journal of Medicine, 372(11), 991-993. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1500043

Gieringer, D. H. (2001). Cannabis “Vaporization”: A promising strategy for smoke harm reduction. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics, 1(3-4), 153-170. https://doi.org/10.1300/J175v01n03_10

Giombi, K. C., Kosa, K. M., Rains, C., & Cates, S. C. (2018). Consumers' perceptions of edible marijuana products for recreational use: Likes, dislikes, and reasons for use. Substance use & Misuse, 53(4), 541-547. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2017.1343353

Government of Canada. (2019, December 13). Canadian Cannabis Survey 2019-Summary. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/drugs-health-products/canadian-cannabis-survey-2019-summary.html

Government of Canada. (2019). Cannabis: Lower your risks. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/resources/lo Wer-your-risks.html

Grewal, J. K., & Loh, L. C. (2020). Health considerations of the legalization of cannabis edibles. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association Journal, 192(1), E1–E2. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.191217

Grof, C. P. L. (2018). Cannabis, from plant to pill. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 84(11), 2463-2467. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13618

Grotenhermen, F. (2001). Harm reduction associated with inhalation and oral administration of cannabis and thc. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics, 1(3-4), 133-152. https://doi.org/10.1300/J175v01n03_09

Grotenhermen, F. (2003). Clinical pharmacokinetics of cannabinoids. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics, 3(1), 3-51. https://doi.org/10.1300/J175v03n01_02

Grotenhermen, F. (2007). The toxicology of cannabis and cannabis prohibition. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 4(8), 1744-1769. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200790151

Halperin, A. (2018). 'You're not going to die': How to survive an edible marijuana overdose. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/nov/18/marijuana-cannabis-edibles-overdose-too-much

Hart, C. L., Ward, A. S., Haney, M., Comer, S. D., Foltin, R. W., & Fischman, M. W. (2002). Comparison of smoked marijuana and oral Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in humans. Psychopharmacology, 164(4), 407-415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-002-1231-y

Hartogsohn, I. (2017). Constructing drug effects: A history of set and setting. Drug Science, Policy and Law. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324516683325

Haug, N. A., Padula, C. B., Sottile, J. E., Vandrey, R., Heinz, A. J., & Bonn-Miller, M. O. (2017). Cannabis use patterns and motives: A comparison of younger, middle-aged, and older medical cannabis dispensary patients. Addictive Behaviors, 72, 14-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.03.006

Hazekamp, A., Ruhaak, R., Zuurman, L., van Gerven, J., & Verpoorte, R. (2006). Evaluation of a vaporizing device (Volcano) for the pulmonary administration of tetrahydrocannabinol. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 95(6), 1308 –1317. http://doi.org/10.1002/jps.20574

Hillig, K. W., & Mahlberg, P. G. (2004). A chemotaxonomic analysis of cannabinoid variation in cannabis (Cannabaceae). American Journal of Botany, 91(6), 966-975. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.91.6.966

Huestis, M. A. (2007). Human cannabinoid pharmacokinetics. Chemistry & biodiversity, 4(8), 1770-1804. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200790152

Jett, J., Stone, E., Warren, G., & Cummings, K. M. (2018). Cannabis use, lung cancer, and related issues. Journal of Thoracic Oncology, 13(4), 480-487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2017.12.013

Jones, C. B., Hill, M. L., Pardini, D. A., & Meier, M. H. (2016). Prevalence and correlates of vaping cannabis in a sample of young adults. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 30(8), 915-921. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000217

Karschner, E. L., Darwin, W. D., Goodwin, R. S., Wright, S., & Huestis, M. A. (2011). Plasma cannabinoid pharmacokinetics following controlled oral Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and oromucosal cannabis extract administration. Clinical chemistry, 57(1), 66-75. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2010.152439

Kostadinov, V., & Roche, A. (2017). Bongs and baby boomers: Trends in cannabis use among older australians. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 36(1), 56-59. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12357

Lamy, F. R., Daniulaityte, R., Sheth, A., Nahhas, R. W., Martins, S. S., Boyer, E. W., & Carlson, R. G. (2016). “Those edibles hit hard”: Exploration of twitter data on cannabis edibles in the U.S. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 164, 64-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.04.029

Lankenau, S. E., Fedorova, E. V., Reed, M., Schrager, S. M., Iverson, E., & Wong, C. F. (2017). Marijuana practices and patterns of use among young adult medical marijuana patients and non-patient marijuana users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 170, 181-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.10.025

Lau, N., Sales, P., Averill, S., Murphy, F., Sato, S., & Murphy, S. (2015). A safer alternative: Cannabis substitution as harm reduction. Drug and Alcohol Review, 34(6), 654-659. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12275

Lau, N., Sales, P., Averill, S., Murphy, F., Sato, S., & Murphy, S. (2015). Responsible and controlled use: Older cannabis users and harm reduction. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 26(8), 709–718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.03.008

Lemberger, L., Martz, R., Rodda, B., Forney, R., & Rowe, H. (1973). Comparative pharmacology of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and its metabolite, 11-OH-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 52(10), 2411-2417. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI107431

Levinsohn, E. A., & Hill, K. P. (2020). Clinical uses of cannabis and cannabinoids in the unitedstates. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 411, 116717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.116717

Loflin, M., & Earleywine, M. (2014). A new method of cannabis ingestion: The dangers of dabs? Addictive Behaviors, 39(10), 1430-1433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.05.013

Loflin, M., & Earleywine, M. (2015). No smoke, no fire: What the initial literature suggests regarding vapourized cannabis and respiratory risk. Canadian Journal of Respiratory Therapy: CJRT, 51(1), 7-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26078621/

MacCallum, C. A., & Russo, E. B. (2018). Practical considerations in medical cannabis administration and dosing. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 49, 12-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2018.01.004

MacCoun, R. J., & Mello, M. M. (2015). Half-baked—the retail promotion of marijuana edibles. The New England Journal of Medicine, 372(11), 989-991. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1416014

Marangoni, I. P., & Marangoni, A. G. (2019). Cannabis edibles: Dosing, encapsulation, and stability considerations. Current Opinion in Food Science, 28, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2019.01.005

Mariani, J. J., Brooks, D., Haney, M., & Levin, F. R. (2011). Quantification and comparison of marijuana smoking practices: Blunts, joints, and pipes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 113(2-3), 249-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.08.008

Marsot, A., Audebert, C., Attolini, L., Lacarelle, B., Micallef, J., & Blin, O. (2017). Population pharmacokinetics model of thc used by pulmonary route in occasional cannabis smokers. Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods, 85, 49-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vascn.2017.02.003

Moore, T. R. (2002). A primer of drug action: A concise nontechnical guide to the actions, uses, and side effects of psychoactive drugs, ninth edition. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 59(11), 1130-1131. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/59.11.1130a

OCS. (n.d.). Intro to cannabis beverages. Retrieved October 20, 2021, from https://ocs.ca/blogs/cannabis-basics/intro-to-cannabis-beverages

Ohlsson, A., Lindgren, J. E., Wahlen, A., Agurell, S., Hollister, L. E., & Gillespie, H. K. (1980). Plasma delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol concentrations and clinical effects after oral and intravenous administration and smoking. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 28(3), 409-416. https://doi.org/10.1038/clpt.1980.181

Pacula, R. L., Jacobson, M., & Maksabedian, E. J. (2016). In the weeds: a baseline view of cannabis use among legalizing states and their neighbours. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 111(6), 973-980. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13282

Papaseit, E., Pérez-Mañá, C., Pérez-Acevedo, A. P., Hladun, O., Torres-Moreno, M. C., Muga, R., Torrens, M., & Farré, M. (2018). Cannabinoids: from pot to lab. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 15(12), 1286–1295. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.27087

Perkins, D. (2021, August 5). Understanding milligram doses in cannabis drinks. Sorse Technology. https://sorsetech.com/understanding-milligram-doses-in-cannabis-drinks/

Ribeiro, L. I., & Ind, P. W. (2016). Effect of cannabis smoking on lung function and respiratory symptoms: A structured literature review. NPJ Primary Care Respiratory Medicine, 26(1), 16071. https://doi.org/10.1038/npjpcrm.2016.71

Rotermann, M. (2021). Looking back from 2020, how cannabis use and related behaviours changed in canada. Health Reports, 32(4), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.25318/82-003-x202100400001-eng

Russell, C., Rueda, S., Room, R., Tyndall, M., & Fischer, B. (2018). Routes of administration for cannabis use – basic prevalence and related health outcomes: A scoping review and synthesis. The International Journal of Drug Policy, 52, 87-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.11.008

Russo E. B. (2011). Taming thc: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects. British Journal of Pharmacology, 163(7), 1344–1364. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x

Sadhir, M. (2016). Pharmacology of cannabis. Journal of Pain Management, 9(4), 375-379. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/pediatrics_facpub/265/

Schauer, G. L., King, B. A., Bunnell, R. E., Promoff, G., & McAfee, T. A. (2016). Toking, vaping, and eating for health or fun: Marijuana use patterns in adults, U.S., 2014. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 50(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.05.027

Schlienz, N. J., Spindle, T. R., Cone, E. J., Herrmann, E. S., Bigelow, G. E., Mitchell, J. M., Flegel, R., LoDico, C., & Vandrey, R. (2020). Pharmacodynamic dose effects of oral cannabis ingestion in healthy adults who infrequently use cannabis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 211, 107969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107969

Schmidt, E. (2020, February 6). Water-soluble cannabinoids: A challenge and solution for the cannabis beverage market. ACS Laboratory. https://acslabcannabis.com/blog/cannabinoids/water-soluble-cannabinoids-a-challenge-and-solution-for-the-cannabis-beverage-market/

Shakya, P., Madhav, N. V. S., Shakya, A. K., & Singh, K. (2011). Palatal mucosa as a route for systemic drug delivery: A review. Journal of Controlled Release, 151(1), 2-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.11.003

Shiplo, S., Asbridge, M., Leatherdale, S. T., & Hammond, D. (2016). Medical cannabis use in Canada: Vapourization and modes of delivery. Harm Reduction Journal, 13(1), 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-016-0119-9

Simpson, K. A., Cho, J., & Barrington-Trimis, J. L. (2021). The association of type of cannabis product used and frequency of use with problematic cannabis use in a sample of young adult cannabis user. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 226, 108865-108865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108865

Sith, D., Bloor, R., George, C., Pysanenko, A., & Španěl, P. (2015). Release of toxic ammonia and volatile organic compounds by heated cannabis and their relation to tetrahydrocannabinol content. Analytical Methods, 7(10), 4104-4110. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5AY00593K

Subritzky, T., Pettigrew, S., & Lenton, S. (2016). Issues in the implementation and evolution of the commercial recreational cannabis market in Colorado. International Journal of Drug Policy, 27, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.12.001

Swan, C., Ferro, M. A., & Thompson, K. (2021). Does how you use matter? The link between mode of use and cannabis-related risk. Addictive Behaviors, 112, 106620-106620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106620

Tetrault, J. M., Crothers, K., Moore, B. A., Mehra, R., Concato, J., & Fiellin, D. A. (2007). Effects of marijuana smoking on pulmonary function and respiratory complications: A systematic review. Archives of Internal Medicine, 167(3), 221–228. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.167.3.221

The Canadian Press. (2019, October 18). Edibles, vapes and oils: What you need to know about cannabis 2.0. CTV News. https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/edibles-vapes-and-oils-what-you-need-to-know-about-ca nnabis-2-0-1.4644511

Timberlake, D. S. (2009). A comparison of drug use and dependence between blunt smokers and other cannabis users. Substance use & Misuse, 44(3), 401-415. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826080802347651

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2009). World drug report. https://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr/WDR_2009/WDR2009_eng_web.pdf

Urits, I., Gress, K., Charipova, K., Habib, K., Lee, D., Lee, C., Jung, J. W., Kassem, H., Cornett, E., Paladini, A., Varrassi, G., Kaye, A., D., Viswanath, O. (2020). Use of cannabidiol (CBD) for the treatment of chronic pain. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Anaesthesiology, 34(3), 463-477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpa.2020.06.004

van der Pol, P., Liebregts, N., Brunt, T., van Amsterdam, J., de Graaf, R., Korf, D. J., van den Brink, W., & van Laar, M. (2014). Cross-sectional and prospective relation of cannabis potency, dosing and smoking behaviour with cannabis dependence: An ecological study. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 109(7), 1101-1109. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12508

Varlet, V., Concha-Lozano, N., Berthet, A., Plateel, G., Favrat, B., De Cesare, M., Lauer, E., Augsburger, M., Thomas, A. and Giroud, C. (2016). Drug vaping applied to cannabis: Is “Cannavaping” a therapeutic alternative to marijuana? Scientific reports, 6(1), 25599. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep25599

Wang, M., Wang, Y., Avula, B., Radwan, M. M., Wanas, A. S., van Antwerp, J., Parcher, J. F., ElSohly, M. A., & Khan, I. A. (2016). Decarboxylation study of acidic cannabinoids: A novel approach using ultra-high-performance supercritical fluid chromatography/photodiode array-mass spectrometry. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 1(1), 262-271. https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2016.0020

Watanabe, K., Yamaori, S., Funahashi, T., Kimura, T., & Yamamoto, I. (2007). Cytochrome p450 enzymes involved in the metabolism of tetrahydrocannabinols and cannabinol by human hepatic microsomes. Life Sciences, 80(15), 1415-1419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2006.12.032

Watkins, A. (2020, March 4). Understanding edible and beverage onset times. Cannabis Retailer. https://cannabisretailer.ca/2020/understanding-edible-and-beverage-onset-times/

White, A. E., Van Tubbergen, C., Raymes, B., Contreras, A. E., & Scallan Walter, E. J. (2020). Cannabis-infused edible products in colorado: Food safety and public health implications. American Journal of Public Health, 110(6), 790-795. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305601

Zinberg, N. E. (1984). Drug, set, and setting: The basis for controlled intoxicant use. Yale University Press.

Abizaid, A., Merali, Z., & Anisman, H. (2019). Cannabis: A potential efficacious intervention for ptsd or simply snake oil? Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience: JPN, 44(2), 75-78. https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.190021

Abrams, D. I. (2018). The therapeutic effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: An update from the national academies of sciences, engineering and medicine report. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 49, 7-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2018.01.003

Addison, S. (2017). How can cannabis help in the treatment of depression. Cannabis Digest. https://cannabisdigest.ca/cannabis-treatment-depression/

A guide to microdosing cannabis. (n.d.). Green Sativa. https://greensativa.com/guide-to-microdosing-cannabis/

Alkadhi, K., Zagaar, M., Alhaider, I., Salim, S., & Aleisa, A. (2013). Neurobiological consequences of sleep deprivation. Current Neuropharmacology, 11(3), 231-249. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X11311030001

Anderson, D. M., Rees, D. I., & Sabia, J. J. (2012). High on life? Medical marijuana laws and suicide. American Journal of Public Health (1971), 104(12), 2369-2376. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301612

Anxiety. (2021). American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/topics/anxiety/

Arkowitz, H., & Lilienfeld, S. (2021, March 1). Experts tell the truth about pot. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-truth-about-pot/

Aronin, T. (2018). In michigan will cannabis-infused drinks elbow beer off the shelves? 517 Mag. https://517mag.com/business/in-michigan-will-cannabis-infused-drinks-elbow-beer-off-th e-shelves/

Bally, N., Zullino, D., & Aubry, J. (2014). Cannabis use and first manic episode. Journal of Affective Disorders, 165, 103-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.038

Bhattacharyya, S., Egerton, A., Kim, E., Rosso, L., Riano Barros, D., Hammers, A., Brammer, M., Turkheimer, F. E., Howes, O. D., & McGuire, P. (2017). Acute induction of anxiety in humans by delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol related to amygdalar cannabinoid-1 (cb1) receptors. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 15025-15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-14203-4

Bipolar disorder. (n.d.). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bipolar-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-2 0355955

Blessing, E. M., Steenkamp, M. M., Manzanares, J., & Marmar, C. R. (2015). Cannabidiol as a potential treatment for anxiety disorders. Neurotherapeutics, 12(4), 825-836. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-015-0387-1

Boden, M. T., Babson, K. A., Vujanovic, A. A., Short, N. A., & Bonn‐Miller, M. O. (2013). Posttraumatic stress disorder and cannabis use characteristics among military veterans with cannabis dependence. The American Journal on Addictions, 22(3), 277-284. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-0391.2012.12018.x

Bolla, K. I., Lesage, S. R., Gamaldo, C. E., Neubauer, D. N., Funderburk, F. R., Lud Cadet, J., David, P. M., Verdejo-Garcia, A., & Benbrook, A. R. (2008). Sleep disturbance in heavy marijuana users. Sleep, 31(6), 901-908. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/31.6.901

Bonn-Miller, M. O., Babson, K. A., & Vandrey, R. (2013;2014;). Using cannabis to help you sleep: Heightened frequency of medical cannabis use among those with ptsd. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 136, 162-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.12.008

Bonn‐Miller, M. O., Vujanovic, A. A., Feldner, M. T., Bernstein, A., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2007). Posttraumatic stress symptom severity predicts marijuana use coping motives among traumatic event‐exposed marijuana users. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(4), 577-586. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20243

Bonn-Miller, M. O., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2009). An evaluation of the nature of marijuana use and its motives among young adult active users. American Journal on Addictions, 18(5), 409-416. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19874161/

Boys, A., Marsden, J., Griffiths, P., Fountain, J., Stillwell, G., & Strang, J. (1999). Substance use among young people: The relationship between perceived functions and intentions. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 94(7), 1043-1050. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.94710439.x

Braida, D., Limonta, V., Malabarba, L., Zani, A., & Sala, M. (2007). 5-ht1a receptors are involved in the anxiolytic effect of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and am 404, the anandamide transport inhibitor, in sprague–dawley rats. European Journal of Pharmacology, 555(2-3), 156-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.10.038

Braga, R. J., Burdick, K. E., DeRosse, P., Malhotra, A. K. (2012). Cognitive and clinical outcomes associated with cannabis use in patients with bipolar I disorder. Psychiatry Research, 200(2-3), 242-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2012.05.025

Brown, A. S. (2011). The environment and susceptibility to schizophrenia. Progress in Neurobiology, 93(1), 23-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.09.003

Buckner, J. D., Crosby, R. D., Wonderlich, S. A., & Schmidt, N. B. (2011;2012;). Social anxiety and cannabis use: An analysis from ecological momentary assessment. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26(2), 297-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.12.006

CAMH. (n.d.). Psychosis. https://www.camh.ca/en/health-info/mental-illness-and-addiction-index/psychosis

Campos A, Guimarães F. S. (2008). Involvement of 5ht1a receptors in the anxiolytic-like effects of cannabidiol injected into the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray of rats. Psychopharmacology 199(2): 223–230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-008-1168-x

Carney, R., Cotter, J., Firth, J., Bradshaw, T., & Yung, A. R. (2017). Cannabis use and symptom severity in individuals at ultra high risk for psychosis: A meta‐analysis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 136(1), 5-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12699

Chandra, S., Radwan, M. M., Majumdar, C. G., Church, J. C., Freeman, T. P., & ElSohly, M. A. (2019). New trends in cannabis potency in usa and europe during the last decade (2008–2017). European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 269(1), 5-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-019-00983-5

Chan, G. C., Hall, W., Freeman, T. P., Ferris, J., Kelly, A. B., & Winstock, A. (2017). User characteristics and effect profile of butane hash oil: An extremely high-potency cannabis concentrate. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 178, 32-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.04.014

Chen, M. (2009). Does cannabis cause or treat anxiety? Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/marijuana-and-anxiety

Choi, N. G., DiNitto, D. M., & Phillips, K. T. (2021). Mental health treatment use among cannabis users aged 50+: Associations with cannabis use characteristics. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 223, 108705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108705

Clausen, L., Hjorthoj, C. R., Thorup, A., Jeppesen, P., Petersen, L., Bertelsen, M., & Nordentoft, M. (2014). Change in cannabis use, clinical symptoms and social functioning among patients with first-episode psychosis: A 5-year follow-up study of patients in the opus trial. Psychological Medicine, 44(1), 117-126. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291713000433

Clough, A. R., D’Abbs P., Cairney, S., Gray, D., Maruff, P., Parker, R., & O’reilly, B. (2005). Adverse mental health effects of cannabis use in two indigenous communities in arnhem land, northern territory, australia: Exploratory study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 39(7), 612–620. https://doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01634.x

Compton III, W. M., Cottler, L. B., Ben Abdallah, A., Phelps, D. L., Spitznagel, E. L., & Horton, J. C. (2000). Substance dependence and other psychiatric disorders among drug dependent subjects: Race and gender correlates. The American Journal on Addictions, 9(2), 113-125. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550490050173181

Conger, J. J. (1956). II. Reinforcement theory and the dynamics of alcoholism. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 17(2), 296-305. https://doi.org/10.15288/qjsa.1956.17.296

Cousens, K., & DiMascio, A. (1973). (−)δ9THC as an hypnotic. Psychopharmacologia, 33, 355–364 (1973). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00437513

Crippa, J. A., Derenusson, G. N., Ferrari, T. B., Wichert-Ana, L., Duran, F. L., Martin-Santos, R., Simoes, M. V., Bhattacharyya, S., Fusar-Poli, P., Atakan, Z., Santos Filho, A., Freitas-Ferrari, M. C., McGuire, P. K., Zuardi, A. W., Busatto, G. F., & Hallak, J. E. C. (2011). Neural basis of anxiolytic effects of cannabidiol (cbd) in generalized social anxiety disorder: a preliminary report. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 25(1), 121-130. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881110379283

Crippa, J. A., Zuardi, A. W., Garrido, G. E., Wichert-Ana, L., Guarnieri, R., Ferrari, L., Azevedo-Marques, P. M., Hallak, J. E., McGuire, P. K., & Filho Busatto, G. (2004). Effects of cannabidiol (cbd) on regional cerebral blood flow. Neuropsychopharmacology, 29(2), 417–426. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300340

Crocker, C. E., Carter, A. J. E., Emsley, J. G., Magee, K., Atkinson, P., & Tibbo, P. G. (2021). When cannabis use goes wrong: Mental health side effects of cannabis use that present to emergency services. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 640222. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.640222

Cuttler, C., Spradlin, A., & McLaughlin, R. J. (2018). A naturalistic examination of the perceived effects of cannabis on negative affect. Journal of Affective Disorders, 235, 198-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.054

Dannon, P. N., Lowengrub, K., Amiaz, R., Grunhaus, L., & Kotler, M. (2004). Comorbid cannabis use and panic disorder: Short term and long term follow‐up study. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 19(2), 97-101. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.560

Deas, D., Gerding, L., & Hazy, J. (2000). Marijuana and panic disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(12), 1467. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200012000-00006

Degenhardt, L., Hall, W., & Lynskey, M. (2003). Exploring the association between cannabis use and depression. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 98(11), 1493-1504. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00437.x

DeVylder, J. E., & Lukens, E. P. (2013). Family history of schizophrenia as a risk factor for axis I psychiatric conditions. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47(2), 181–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.09.023

Dorard, G., Berthoz, S., Phan, O., Corcos, M., & Bungener, C. (2008). Affect dysregulation in cannabis abusers: A study in adolescents and young adults. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 17(5), 274–282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-007-0663-7

Dreher, M. (2002). Crack heads and roots daughters: The therapeutic use of cannabis in jamaica. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics, 2(3-4), 121-133. https://doi.org/10.1300/J175v02n03_08

D'Souza, D. C., Perry, E., MacDougall, L., Ammerman, Y., Cooper, T., Braley, G., Gueorguieva, R., & Krystal, J. H. (2004). The psychotomimetic effects of intravenous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy individuals: Implications for psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology, 29(8), 1558-1572. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300496

Earlenbaugh, E. (2020). New research reveals why cannabis helps ptsd sufferers. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/emilyearlenbaugh/2020/09/17/new-research-reveals-why-cannabis-helps-ptsd-sufferers/?sh=26183289179a

Farris, M. S., Shakeel, M. K., & Addington, J. (2020). Cannabis use in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis: A comprehensive review. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 55(5), 527-537. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-019-01810-x

Feingold, D., & Weinstein, A. (2021). Cannabis and Depression. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1264, 67-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57369-0_5

Fischer, B., Jeffries, V., Hall, W., Room, R., Goldner, E., & Rehm, J. (2011). Lower risk cannabis use guidelines for canada (lrcug): A narrative review of evidence and recommendations. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 102(5), 324-327. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03404169

Fischer, B., Russell, C., Sabioni, P., van den Brink, W., Le Foll, B., Hall, W., Rehm, J., & Room, R. (2017). Lower-risk cannabis use guidelines: A comprehensive update of evidence and recommendations. American Journal of Public Health (1971), 107(8), E1-E12. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303818

Garrison, E., Gilligan, C., Ladd, B. O., & Anderson, K. G. (2021). Social anxiety, cannabis use motives, and social context’s impact on willingness to use cannabis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9), 4882. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094882

Gibbs, M., Winsper, C., Marwaha, S., Gilbert, E., Broome, M., & Singh, S. P. (2015). Cannabis use and mania symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 171, 39-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.09.016

Gillette, H. (2021). Does cannabis use affect bipolar disorder symptoms. Psychcentral. https://psychcentral.com/bipolar/cannabis-bipolar-disorder-symptoms

Giordano, G.N., Ohlsson, H., Sundquist, K., Sundquist, J., & Kendler, K. (2015). The association between cannabis abuse and subsequent schizophrenia: A swedish national co-relative control study. Psychological Medicine, 45(2), 407–414. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714001524

Gregg, J. M., Small, E. W., Moore, R., Raft, D., & Toomey, T. C. (1976). Emotional response to intravenous delta9tetrahydrocannabinol during oral surgery. Journal of Oral Surgery (American Dental Association: 1965), 34(4), 301-313. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1062533/

Grewal, J. K., & Loh, L. C. (2020). Health considerations of the legalization of cannabis edibles. Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ), 192(1), E1-E2. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.191217

Grewal. S., & George. T. (2017). Cannabis-induced psychosis: A review. Psychiatric Times, 34(7). https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/cannabis-induced-psychosis-review

Grunberg, V. A., Cordova, K. A., Bidwell, L. C., & Ito, T. A. (2015). Can marijuana make it better? Prospective effects of marijuana and temperament on risk for anxiety and depression. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 29(3), 590-602. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000109

Guzman, F. ( 2019). 5-ht1a receptors in psychopharmacology. Psychopharmacology Institute. https://psychopharmacologyinstitute.com/publication/5-ht1a-receptors-in-psychopharmac ology-2123

Hall, W., Hoch, E., & Lorenzetti, V. (2019). Cannabis use and mental health: Risks and benefits. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 269(1), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-019-00986-2

Hall, W., & Solowij, N. (1998). Adverse effects of cannabis. Lancet (London, England), 352(9140), 1611-1616. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)05021-1

Hartogsohn, I. (2017). Constructing drug effects: A history of set and setting. Drug Science, Policy and Law. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324516683325

Hathaway, A. D. (2003). Cannabis effects and dependency concerns in long-term frequent users: A missing piece of the public health puzzle. Addiction Research & Theory, 11(6), 441-458. https://doi.org/10.1080/1606635021000041807

Henquet, C., Di Forti, M., Morrison, P., Kuepper, R., & Murray, R. M. (2008). Gene-environment interplay between cannabis and psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34(6), 1111-1121. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbn108

Henquet, C., Krabbendam, L., de Graaf, R., ten Have, M., & van Os, J. (2006). Cannabis use and expression of mania in the general population. Journal of Affective Disorders, 95(1–3), 103–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2006.05.002

Hodgson, K., Coleman, J. R. I., Hagenaars, S. P., Purves, K. L., Glanville, K., Choi, S. W., O'Reilly, P., Breen, G., Lewis, C. M., & Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. (2020). Cannabis use, depression and self‐harm: Phenotypic and genetic relationships. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 115(3), 482-492. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14845

Hollister, L. E. (1986). Health aspects of cannabis. Pharmacological Reviews, 38(1), 1-20. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3520605/

Huizink, A. C. (2013). Commentary on degenhardt et al. (2013): Specific effect of adolescent cannabis use on anxiety – Tentative explanations. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 108(1), 134-135. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12046

Iliades, C. (2012). Depression’s effect on your appetite. Everyday Health. https://www.everydayhealth.com/hs/major-depression/depressions-effect-on-appetite/

Innamorati, M., Pompili, M., Ferrari, V., Girardi, P., Tatarelli, R., Tamburello, A., & Lester, D. (2008). Cannabis use and the risk behavior syndrome in italian university students: Are they related to suicide risk? Psychological Reports, 102(2), 577-594. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.102.2.577-594

Kamal, B. S., Kamal, F., & Lantela, D. E. (2018). Cannabis and the anxiety of fragmentation-A systems approach for finding an anxiolytic cannabis chemotype. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 12, 730. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00730

Kaplan, H. B., Martin, S. S., Johnson, R. J., & Robbins, C. A. (1986). Escalation of marijuana use: Application of a general theory of deviant behavior. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 27(1), 44-61. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136502

Kedzior, K. K., & Laeber, L. T. (2014). A positive association between anxiety disorders and cannabis use or cannabis use disorders in the general population--a meta-analysis of 31 studies. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1), 136-136. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-14-136

Kim, S. W., Dodd, S., Berk, L., Kulkarni, J., de Castella, A., Fitzgerald, P. B., Kim, J. M., Yoon, J. S., & Berk, M. (2015). Impact of cannabis use on long-term remission in bipolar I and schizoaffective disorder. Psychiatry Investigation, 12(3), 349-355. https://doi.org/10.4306/pi.2015.12.3.349

Konefal, S., Gabrys, R., & Porath, A. (2019). Clearing the smoke on cannabis. Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction. https://www.ccsa.ca/clearing-smoke-cannabis-regular-use-and-mental-health

Korem, N., Zer-Aviv, T. M., Ganon-Elazar, E., Abush, H., & Akirav, I. (2016). Targeting the endocannabinoid system to treat anxiety-related disorders. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, 27(3), 193-202. https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2015-0058

Kraan, T., Velthorst, E., Koenders, L., Zwaart, K., Ising, H. K., van den Berg, D., de Haan, L., & van der Gaag, M. (2016). Cannabis use and transition to psychosis in individuals at ultra-high risk: Review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 46(4), 673-681. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715002329

Ksir, C., & Hart, C. L. (2016). Cannabis and psychosis: A critical overview of the relationship. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-015-0657-y

Lake, S., Kerr, T., Buxton, J., Walsh, Z., Marshall, B. D., Wood, E., & Milloy, M. (2020). Does cannabis use modify the effect of post-traumatic stress disorder on severe depression and suicidal ideation? Evidence from a population-based cross-sectional study of canadians. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 34(2), 181-188. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881119882806

Lake, S., Kerr, T., Werb, D., Haines‐Saah, R., Fischer, B., Thomas, G., Walsh, Z., Ware, M. A., Wood, E., & Milloy, M. (2019). Guidelines for public health and safety metrics to evaluate the potential harms and benefits of cannabis regulation in canada. Drug and Alcohol Review, 38(6), 606-621. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12971

Langs, G., Fabisch, H., Fabisch, K., & Zapotoczky, H. G. (1997). Can cannabis trigger recurrent panic attacks in susceptible patients? European Psychiatry, 12(8), 415-419. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-9338(97)83568-7

Lesch, K. P., Wiesmann, M., Hoh, A., Muller, T., Disselkamp-Tietze, J., Osterheider, M., & Schulte, H. M. (1992). 5-ht1a receptor-effector system responsivity in panic disorder. Psychopharmacology, 106(1), 111-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02253597

Lev-Ran, S., Le Foll, B., McKenzie, K., George, T. P., & Rehm, J. (2013). Cannabis use and cannabis use disorders among individuals with mental illness. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 54(6), 589-598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.12.021

Linscott, R. J., & van Os, J. (2013). An updated and conservative systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence on psychotic experiences in children and adults: On the pathway from proneness to persistence to dimensional expression across mental disorders. Psychological Medicine, 43(6), 1133-1149. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291712001626

Lucas, P. (2012). Cannabis as an adjunct to or substitute for opiates in the treatment of chronic pain. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 44(2), 125–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2012.684624

Lucas, P., Reiman, A., Earleywine, M., McGowan, S. K., Oleson, M., Coward, M. P., & Thomas, B. (2013). Cannabis as a substitute for alcohol and other drugs: A dispensary-based survey of substitution effect in canadian medical cannabis patients. Addiction Research & Theory, 21(5), 435–442. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066359.2012.733465

Lynskey, M. T., Heath, A. C., Nelson, E. C., Bucholz, K. K., Madden, P. A. F., Slutske, W. S., Statham, D. J., & Martin, N. G. (2002). Genetic and environmental contributions to cannabis dependence in a national young adult twin sample. Psychological Medicine, 32(2), 195-207. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291701005062

Manzanares, J., Urigüen, L., Rubio, G., & Palomo, T. (2004). Role of endocannabinoid system in mental diseases. Neurotoxicity Research, 6(3), 213-224. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03033223

McGee, R., Williams, S., Poulton, R., & Moffitt, T. (2000). A longitudinal study of cannabis use and mental health from adolescence to early adulthood. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 95(4), 491-503. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.9544912.x

McGill University. (2007). Cannabis: Potent anti-depressant in low doses, worsens depression at high doses. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071023183937.htm

McGuire, P., Robson, P., Cubala, W. J., Vasile, D., Morrison, P. D., Barron, R., Taylor, A., & Wright, S. (2018). Cannabidiol (CBD) as an adjunctive therapy in schizophrenia: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(3), 225-231. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17030325

Medical cannabis for anxiety. (n.d.). Cannabis clinics. https://www.cannabisclinics.ca/medical-cannabis/anxiety/

Mental Health Commission of Canada. (2019). Cannabis and mental health: Priorities for research in canada. https://www.mentalhealthcommission.ca/wp-content/uploads/drupal/2019-07/Cannabis_mental_Health_Summary_july_2019_eng.pdf

Metzner, R., & Leary, T. (1967). On programming psychedelic experiences. Psychedelic Review, 9, 5-19. https://maps.org/research-archive/psychedelicreview/n09/n09005met.pdf

Mikuriya, T., & Mandel, J. (2001). Cannabis substitution: Harm reduction treatment for alcoholism and drug dependence. https://www.mikuriya.com/cw_cansub.html

Mikuriya, T. H. (2004). Cannabis as a substitute for alcohol: A harm-reduction approach. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics, 4(1), 79-93. https://doi.org/10.1300/J175v04n01_04

Miller, B. (2021). Does cannabis cause psychosis? Psychiatric Times, 38(3). https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/cannabis-cause-psychosis

Misiak, B., Stramecki, F., Gawęda, Ł., Prochwicz, K., Sąsiadek, M.M., Moustafa, A.A., & Frydecka, D. (2018). Interactions between variation in candidate genes and environmental factors in the etiology of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A systematic review. Molecular Neurobiology, 55(6), 5075–5100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-017-0708-y

Moran, C. (1986). Depersonalization and agoraphobia associated with marijuana use. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 59(2), 187-196. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1986.tb02684.x

Mueser, K. T., Drake, R. E., & Wallach, M. A. (1998). Dual diagnosis: A review of etiological theories. Addictive Behaviors, 23(6), 717-734. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4603(98)00073-2

Mundell, E., J. (2020). One joint may cause psychotic symptoms: Study. A Family Pharmacy Apple Valley. https://www.afamilypharmacy.com/patient-resources/article/755848/one-joint-may-cause -psychotic-symptoms-study

Muntoni, A. L., Pillolla, G., Melis, M., Perra, S., Gessa, G. L., & Pistis, M. (2006). Cannabinoids modulate spontaneous neuronal activity and evoked inhibition of locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons. European Journal of Neuroscience, 23(9), 2385-2394. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04759.x

Naliboff, B. D., Rickles, W. H., Cohen, M. J., & Naimark, R. S. (1976). Interactions of marijuana and induced stress: Forearm blood flow, heart rate, and skin conductance. Psychophysiology, 13(6), 517-522. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1976.tb00871.x

Ogborne, A. C., Smart, R. G., Weber, T., & Birchmore-Timney, C. (2000). Who is using cannabis as a medicine and why: An exploratory study. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 32(4), 435-443. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2000.10400245

O'Shea, M., McGregor, I. S., & Mallet, P. E. (2006). Repeated cannabinoid exposure during perinatal, adolescent or early adult ages produces similar long lasting deficits in object recognition and reduced social interaction in rats. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford), 20(5), 611-621. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881106065188

O'Shea, M., Singh, M. E., McGregor, I. S., & Mallet, P. E. (2004). Chronic cannabinoid exposure produces lasting memory impairment and increased anxiety in adolescent but not adult rats. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford), 18(4), 502-508. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881104047277

Ortiz-Medina, M. B., Perea, M., Torales, J., Ventriglio, A., Vitrani, G., Aguilar, L., & Roncero, C. (2018). Cannabis consumption and psychosis or schizophrenia development. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 64(7), 690-703. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764018801690

Passie, T., Emrich, H. M., Karst, M., Brandt, S. D., & Halpern, J. H. (2012). Mitigation of post‐traumatic stress symptoms by cannabis resin: A review of the clinical and neurobiological evidence. Drug Testing and Analysis, 4(7-8), 649-659. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1377

Patel, S., & Hillard, C. J. (2006). Pharmacological evaluation of cannabinoid receptor ligands in a mouse model of anxiety: Further evidence for an anxiolytic role for endogenous cannabinoid signaling. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 318(1), 304–311. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.106.101287

Patel, S., Hill, M. N., Cheer, J. F., Wotjak, C. T., and Holmes, A. (2017). The endocannabinoid system as a target for novel anxiolytic drugs. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 76(Pt A), 56–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.033

Pertwee, R. G. (2008). The diverse cb1 and cb2 receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabivarin. British Journal of Pharmacology, 153(2), 199-215. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0707442

Pierre, J. M. (2010). Psychosis associated with medical marijuana: Risk vs. benefits of medicinal cannabis use. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(5), 598-599. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09121762

Price, C., Tomas, H., Lewis, G., Zammit, S., & Allebeck, P. (2009). Cannabis and suicide: Longitudinal study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 195(6), 492-497. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.109.065227

Proal, A. C., Fleming, J., Galvez-Buccollini, J. A., & DeLisi, L. E. (2014). A controlled family study of cannabis users with and without psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 152(1), 283–288; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2013.11.014

Rabinak, C. A., Blanchette, A., Zabik, N. L., Peters, C., Marusak, H. A., Iadipaolo, A., & Elrahal, F. (2020). Cannabinoid modulation of corticolimbic activation to threat in trauma-exposed adults: A preliminary study. Psychopharmacology, 237(6), 1813-1826. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05499-8

Radhakrishnan, R., Wilkinson, S. T., D'Souza, D. C. (2014). Gone to pot—A review of the association between cannabis and psychosis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 5, 54. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00054

Raymundi, A. M., da Silva, T. R., Sohn, J. M. B., Bertoglio, L. J., & Stern, C. A. (2020). Effects of ∆ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol on aversive memories and anxiety: A review from human studies. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1), 420-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02813-8

Ashton, C. H. (2001). Pharmacology and effects of cannabis: A brief review. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 178(2), 101-106. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.178.2.101

Aurora. (n.d.). What to do if you green out. https://www.auroramedical.com/blogs/news/what-to-do-if-you-green-out

Brust, J. C. (1993). Other agents. Phencyclidine, marijuana, hallucinogens, inhalants, and anticholinergics. Neurologic Clinics, 11(3), 555-561. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8377742/

Cao, D., Srisuma, S., Bronstein, A. C., & Hoyte, C. O. (2016). Characterization of edible marijuana product exposures reported to united states poison centers. Clinical Toxicology, 54(9), 840-846. https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2016.1209761

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). Inadvertent ingestion of marijuana-los angeles, california, 2009. MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 58(34), 947-950. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19730407/

Crippa, J. A., Derenusson, G. N., Chagas, M. H., Atakan, Z., Martín-Santos, R., Zuardi, A. W., & Hallak, J. E. (2012). Pharmacological interventions in the treatment of the acute effects of cannabis: A systematic review of literature. Harm reduction journal, 9(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-9-7

Crippa, J. A., Zuardi, A. W., Martín‐Santos, R., Bhattacharyya, S., Atakan, Z., McGuire, P., & Fusar‐Poli, P. (2009). Cannabis and anxiety: A critical review of the evidence. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 24(7), 515-523. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.1048

CSSDP. (2018). Sensible cannabis education - A toolkit for educating youth. https://cssdp.org/uploads/2018/04/Sensible-Cannabis-Education-A-Toolkit-for-Educating -Youth.pdf

Dalgarno, P., & Shewan, D. (2005). Reducing the risks of drug use: The case for set and setting. Addiction Research & Theory, 13(3), 259-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066350500053562

Egan, K. L., Cox, M. J., Suerken, C. K., Reboussin, B. A., Song, E. Y., Wagoner, K. G., & Wolfson, M. (2019). More drugs, more problems? Simultaneous use of alcohol and marijuana at parties among youth and young adults. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 202, 69-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.07.003

Government of Canada. (2019). Cannabis: Lower your risks. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/resources/lo Wer-your-risks.html

Grotenhermen, F. (2003). Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 42(4), 327-360. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200342040-00003

Grotenhermen, F. (2007). The toxicology of cannabis and cannabis prohibition. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 4(8), 1744-1769. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200790151

Guidet, C., Gregoire, M., Le Dreau, A., Vrignaud, B., Deslandes, G., & Monteil-Ganière, C. (2020). Cannabis intoxication after accidental ingestion in infants: Urine and plasma concentrations of Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (thc), thc-cooh and 11-oh-thc in 10 patients. Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 58(5), 421-423. https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2019.1655569

Hammond, D. (2019). Communicating thc levels and ‘dose’ to consumers: implications for product labelling and packaging of cannabis products in regulated markets. International Journal of Drug Policy, 91, 102509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.07.004

Hand, A., Blake, A., Kerrigan, P., Samuel, P., & Friedberg, J. (2016). History of medical cannabis. Journal of Pain Management, 9(4), 387-394. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316545890_History_of_medical_cannabis

Hartogsohn, I. (2017). Constructing drug effects: A history of set and setting. Drug Science, Policy and Law, 3. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324516683325

Hendrickson, R. G., McKeown, N. J., Kusin, S. G., & Lopez, A. M. (2020). Acute cannabis toxicity in older adults. Toxicology Communications, 4(1), 67-70. https://doi.org/10.1080/24734306.2020.1852821

Hudak, M., Severn, D., & Nordstrom, K. (2015). Edible cannabis–induced psychosis: Intoxication and beyond. American Journal of Psychiatry, 172(9), 911-912. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15030358

Huestis, M. A. (2007). Human cannabinoid pharmacokinetics. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 4(8), 1770–1804. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200790152

Levene, R. J., Pollak-Christian, E., & Wolfram, S. (2019). A 21st century problem: Cannabis toxicity in a 13-month-old child. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 56(1), 94-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2018.09.040

Levinsohn, E. A., & Hill, K. P. (2020). Clinical uses of cannabis and cannabinoids in the united states. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 411, 116717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.116717

MacCallum, C. A., & Russo, E. B. (2018). Practical considerations in medical cannabis administration and dosing. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 49, 12-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2018.01.004

Molly, C., Mory, O., Basset, T., & Patural, H. (2012). Acute cannabis poisoning in a 10-month-old infant. Archives de pediatrie: Organe Officiel de la Societe Francaise de Pediatrie, 19(7), 729-732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcped.2012.04.018

Murphy, K. (2017). “Greening out” Treating cannabis-related problems in the ed. Nursing Made Incredibly Easy!, 15(6), 47-50. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NME.0000521808.84893.e7

Nickel J. C. (2018). Medical marijuana for urologic chronic pelvic pain. Canadian Urological Association Journal, 12(6 Suppl 3), S181–S183. https://doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.5331

Noble, M. J., Hedberg, K., & Hendrickson, R. G. (2019). Acute cannabis toxicity. Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 57(8), 735-742. https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2018.1548708

Richards, J. R., Smith, N. E., & Moulin, A. K. (2017). Unintentional cannabis ingestion in children: A systematic review. The Journal of Pediatrics, 190, 142-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.07.005

Rock, E. M., Bolognini, D., Limebeer, C. L., Cascio, M. G., Anavi-Goffer, S., Fletcher, P. J., Mechoulam, R., Pertwee, R. G., & Parker, L. A. (2013). Cannabidiol, a non-intoxicating component of cannabis, suppresses nausea and vomiting in rats and shrews. University of Guelph, Institute for Community Engaged Scholarship. https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10214/5491/Parker%20-%20Canni bidiol%20a%20non-psychotropic%20component.pdf?sequence=3

Rough, L. (2020). 8 ways to sober up from being high. Leafly. https://www.leafly.ca/news/cannabis-101/8-ways-to-counteract-a-too-intense-cannabis-hi gh

Sachs, J., McGlade, E., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. (2015). Safety and toxicology of cannabinoids. Neurotherapeutics : The Journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics, 12(4), 735–746. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-015-0380-8

Saez, A. (n.d.). How much weed is too much? 7 signs you’re greening out and how to handle it. The Bluntness. https://www.thebluntness.com/posts/signs-you-re-greening-out-and-how-to-handle-it

Schlag, A. K., Hindocha, C., Zafar, R., Nutt, D. J., & Curran, H. V. (2021). Cannabis based medicines and cannabis dependence: A critical review of issues and evidence. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 35(7), 773-785. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120986393

Schmid, Y., Scholz, I., Mueller, L., Exadaktylos, A. K., Ceschi, A., Liechti, M. E., & Liakoni, E. (2020). Emergency department presentations related to acute toxicity following recreational use of cannabis products in switzerland. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 206, 107726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107726

Sharpe, L., Sinclair, J., Kramer, A., de Manincor, M., & Sarris, J. (2020). Cannabis, a cause for anxiety? A critical appraisal of the anxiogenic and anxiolytic properties. Journal of Translational Medicine, 18(1), 374. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-020-02518-2

Shen, L. (2021). Greening out explained–and what to do when you do go green. Cannabis Life Network. https://cannabislifenetwork.com/greening-out-explained-and-what-to-do-when-you-do-go -green/

Venkatesan,T., Levinthal, D. J., Li, B. U., Tarbell, S. E., Adams, K. A., Issenman, R. M., Sarosiek, I., Jaradeh, S. S., Sharaf, R. N., Sultan, S., Stave, C. D., Monte, A. A., & Hasler, W. L. (2019). Role of chronic cannabis use: Cyclic vomiting syndrome vs cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. Neurogastroenterology and Motility, 31(S2). https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.13606

Vo, K. T., Horng, H., Li, K., Ho, R. Y., Wu, A. H., Lynch, K. L., & Smollin, C. G. (2018). Cannabis intoxication case series: The dangers of edibles containing tetrahydrocannabinol. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 71(3), 306-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2017.09.008

Voser, S. (2020). What is greening out and how to avoid it. Canna Connection. https://www.cannaconnection.com/blog/18321-what-greening-out-how-prevent-solve-it

Wang, G. S., Banerji, S., Contreras, A. E., & Hall, K. E. (2020). Marijuana exposures in colorado, reported to regional poison centre, 2000–2018. Injury Prevention, 26(2), 184-186. https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043360

Wang, T., Collet, J. P., Shapiro, S., & Ware, M. A. (2008). Adverse effects of medical cannabinoids: A systematic review. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association Journal, 178(13), 1669–1678. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.071178

Weinstein, L. C., & Worster, B. (2019). Medical Cannabis: A guide to the clinical and legal landscapes. The Journal of Family Practice, 68(7), 390-399. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31532813/

Zinberg, N. E. (1984). Drug, set and setting: The basis for controlled intoxicant use. JAMA (1985), 253(10), 1467. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1985.03350340121039

Acion, L., Ramirez, M. R., Jorge, R. E., & Arndt, S. (2013). Increased risk of alcohol and drug use among children from deployed military families. Addiction, 108(8), 1418–1425. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12161

Ahmadi, H., & Green, S. L. (2011). Screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment for military spouses experiencing alcohol and substance use disorders: A literature review. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 18(2), 129-136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-011-9234-7

Arkes, J. (2007). Does the economy affect teenage substance use? Health Economics, 16(1), 19–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.1132

Arkes, J. (2011). Recessions and the participation of youth in the selling and use of illicit drugs. International Journal of Drug Policy, 22(5), 335–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2011.03.001

Attar, B. K., Guerra, N. G., & Tolan, P. H. (1994). Neighborhood disadvantage, stressful life events and adjustments in urban elementary-school children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 23(4), 391–400. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp2304_5

Ayer, L. A., Harder, V. S., Rose, G. L., & Helzer, J. E. (2011). Drinking and stress: An examination of sex and stressor differences using ivr-based daily data. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 115(3), 205–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.10.022

Bachman, J. G., Freedman-Doan, P., O’Malley, P. M., Johnston, L. D., & Segal, D. R. (1999). Changing patterns of drug use among us military recruits before and after enlistment. American Journal of Public Health (1971), 89(5), 672–677. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.89.5.672

Baker, C. K., Hishinuma, E. S., Chang, J. Y., & Nixon, D. C. (2010). The relationship among exposure to stressful life events, drug use, and violence perpetration in a sample of native hawaiian, samoan, and filipino adolescents. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(3), 379–399. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260509334397

Boardman, J. D., Finch, B. K., Ellison, C. G., Williams, D. R., & Jackson, J. S. (2001). Neighborhood disadvantage, stress, and drug use among adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 42(2), 151–165. https://doi.org/10.2307/3090175

Boden, J. M., Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2014). Associations between exposure to stressful life events and alcohol use disorder in a longitudinal birth cohort studied to age 30. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 142, 154–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.010

Bolton, J. M., Robinson, J., & Sareen, J. (2009). Self-medication of mood disorders with alcohol and drugs in the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Journal of Affective Disorders, 115(3), 367–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2008.10.003

Bonin, M. F., McCreary, D. R., & Sadava, S. W. (2000). Problem drinking behavior in two community-based samples of adults: Influence of gender, coping, loneliness, and depression. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 14(2), 151-161. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.14.2.151

Booth, B., Segal, M. W., Bell, D. B., Martin, J. A., Ender, M. G., & Rohall, D. (2007). What we know about army families. Fairfax, VA: Caliber.

Bor, J., Basu, S., Coutts, A., McKee, M., & Stuckler, D. (2013). Alcohol use during the great recession of 2008–2009. Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford), 48(3), 343–348. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agt002

Boscarino, J. A., Adams, R. E., & Galea, S. (2006). Alcohol use in new york after the terrorist attacks: a study of the effects of psychological trauma on drinking behavior. Addictive Behaviors, 31(4), 606–621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.05.035

Bretteville-Jensen, A. L. (2011). Illegal drug use and the economic recession—What can we learn from the existing research? International Journal of Drug Policy, 22(5), 353–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2011.03.009

Brown, P. J., & Wolfe, J. (1994). Substance abuse and post-traumatic stress disorder comorbidity. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 35(1), 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-8716(94)90110-4

Bruguera, P., Reynolds, J., Gilvarry, E., Braddick, F., Marath-Veettil, A. L., Anderson, P., Mielecka-Kubien, Z., Kaner, E., & Gual, A. (2018). How does economic recession affect substance use? A reality check with clients of drug treatment centres. The Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics, 21(1), 11–16. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29643264/

Cappell, H., & Greeley, J. (1987). Alcohol and tension reduction: An update on research and theory. In H. T. Blane & K. E. Leonard (Eds.), Psychological theories of drinking and alcoholism New York: The Guilford Press.

Carliner, H., Keyes, K. M., McLaughlin, K. A., Meyers, J. L., Dunn, E. C., & Martins, S. S. (2016). Childhood trauma and illicit drug use in adolescence: A population-based national comorbidity survey replication–adolescent supplement study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 55(8), 701–708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2016.05.010

Catalano, R., Goldman-Mellor, S., Saxton, K., Margerison-Zilko, C., Subbaraman, M., LeWinn, K., & Anderson, E. (2011). The health effects of economic decline. Annual Review of Public Health, 32, 431–450. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031210-101146

Chatterjee, D. (2020). The mellow high and the psychedelic war: The rise of marijuana, the (counter)-culture of dissidence, and the fall of the american army in the vietnam war. eSharp, 25(1). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340454299_The_Mellow_High_and_the_Psych edelic_War

Colder, C. R. (2001). Life stress, physiological and subjective indexes of negative emotionality, and coping reasons for drinking: Is there evidence for a self-medication model of alcohol use? Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 15(3), 237-245. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.15.3.237

Colell, E., Sánchez‐Niubò, A., Delclos, G. L., Benavides, F. G., & Domingo‐Salvany, A. (2015). Economic crisis and changes in drug use in the spanish economically active population. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 110(7), 1129–1137. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12923

Compton, W. M., Gfroerer, J., Conway, K. P., & Finger, M. S. (2014). Unemployment and substance outcomes in the united states 2002–2010. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 142, 350–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.012

Darke, S. (2013). Pathways to heroin dependence: Time to re‐appraise self‐medication. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 108(4), 659–667. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.04001.x

Darke, S., Williamson, A., Ross, J., & Teesson, M. (2005). Attempted suicide among heroin users: 12-month outcomes from the australian treatment outcome study (atos). Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 78(2), 177–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.10.009

Dávalos, M. E., Fang, H., & French, M. T. (2012). Easing the pain of an economic downturn: Macroeconomic conditions and excessive alcohol consumption. Health Economics, 21(11), 1318–1335. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.1788

Dawson, D. A., Grant, B. F., & Ruan, W. J. (2005). The association between stress and drinking: Modifying effects of gender and vulnerability. Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire), 40(5), 453–460. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agh176

Dee, T. S. (2001). Alcohol abuse and economic conditions: Evidence from repeated cross‐sections of individual‐level data. Health Economics, 10(3), 257–270. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.588

de Goeij, M. C. M., Suhrcke, M., Toffolutti, V., van de Mheen, D., Schoenmakers, T. M., & Kunst, A. E. (2015). How economic crises affect alcohol consumption and alcohol-related health problems: A realist systematic review. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 131, 131–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.02.025

Deutsch, H. (1967). Selected problems of adolescence. International Universities Press, New York.

Dom, G., Samochowiec, J., Evans-Lacko, S., Wahlbeck, K., Van Hal, G., & McDaid, D. (2016). The impact of the 2008 economic crisis on substance use patterns in the countries of the European Union. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(1), 122. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010122

Dore, G., Mills, K., Murray, R., Teesson, M., & Farrugia, P. (2012). Post‐traumatic stress disorder, depression and suicidality in inpatients with substance use disorders. Drug and Alcohol Review, 31(3), 294–302. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-3362.2011.00314.x

Dube, S. R., Miller, J. W., Brown, D. W., Giles, W. H., Felitti, V. J., Dong, M., & Anda, R. F. (2006). Adverse childhood experiences and the association with ever using alcohol and initiating alcohol use during adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38(4), 444.e1-444.e10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.06.006

DuBois, D. L., Felner, R. D., Meares, H., & Krier, M. (1994). Prospective investigation of the effects of socioeconomic disadvantage, life stress, and social support on early adolescent adjustment. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103(3), 511-522. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.103.3.511

Ehring, T., & Quack, D. (2010). Emotion regulation difficulties in trauma survivors: The role of trauma type and ptsd symptom severity. Behavior Therapy, 41(4), 587–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2010.04.004

Enoch, M. A. (2011). The role of early life stress as a predictor for alcohol and drug dependence. Psychopharmacology, 214(1), 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-010-1916-6

Ettner, S. L. (1997). Measuring the human cost of a weak economy: Does unemployment lead to alcohol abuse? Social Science & Medicine (1982), 44(2), 251–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(96)00160-8

Falba, T., Teng, H., Sindelar, J. L., & Gallo, W. T. (2005). The effect of involuntary job loss on smoking intensity and relapse. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 100(9), 1330–1339. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01150.x

Farris, C. A., & Fenaughty, A. M. (2002). Social isolation and domestic violence among female drug users. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 28(2), 339–351. https://doi.org/10.1081/ADA-120002977

Flett, R. A., Kazantzis, N., Long, N. R., MacDonald, C., & Millar, M. (2002). Traumatic events and physical health in a new zealand community sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15(4), 303–312. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016251828407

Fosnocht, A. Q., Lucerne, K. E., Ellis, A. S., Olimpo, N. A., & Briand, L. A. (2019). Adolescent social isolation increases cocaine seeking in male and female mice. Behavioural Brain Research, 359, 589–596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2018.10.007

Fu, S. S., McFall, M., Saxon, A. J., Beckham, J. C., Carmody, T. P., Baker, D. G., & Joseph, A. M. (2007). Post-traumatic stress disorder and smoking: A systematic review. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 9(11), 1071–1084. https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200701488418

Goodwin, D. W., Davis, D. H., & Robins, L. N. (1975). Drinking amid abundant illicit drugs: The Vietnam case. Archives of General Psychiatry, 32(2), 230–233. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1975.01760200094009

Hall, W., & Weier, M. (2017). Lee robins’ studies of heroin use among us vietnam veterans. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 112(1), 176–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13584

Hamilton, S. B., van Mouwerik, S., Oetting, E. R., Beauvais, F., & Keilin, W. G. (1988). Nuclear war as a source of adolescent worry: Relationships with age, gender, traitemotionality, and drug use. The Journal of Social Psychology, 128(6), 745–763. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1988.9924554

Hammarström, A., Janlert, U., & Theorell, T. (1988). Youth unemployment and ill health: Results from a 2-year follow-up study. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 26(10), 1025–1033. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(88)90220-1

Hammer, T. (1992). Unemployment and use of drug and alcohol among young people: A longitudinal study in the general population. British Journal of Addiction, 87(11), 1571–1581. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02665.x

Harrell, A. (1992). Drugs, crime, and social isolation: Barriers to urban opportunity. The Urban Institute.

Henkel, D. (2011). Unemployment and substance use: A review of the literature (1990-2010). Current Drug Abuse Reviews, 4(1), 4–27. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874473711104010004

Hoffmann, J. P., & Su, S. S. (1997). The conditional effects of stress on delinquency and drug use: A strain theory assessment of sex differences. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 34(1), 46–78. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427897034001004

House, J. S., Landis, K. R., & Umberson, D. (1988). Social relationships and health. Science (New York, N.Y.), 241(4865), 540–545. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3399889

Johnson, B. R., Pagano, M. E., Lee, M. T., & Post, S. G. (2018). Alone on the inside: The impact of social isolation and helping others on aod use and criminal activity. Youth & Society, 50(4), 529–550. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X15617400

Kalousova, L., & Burgard, S. A. (2014). Unemployment, measured and perceived decline of economic resources: Contrasting three measures of recessionary hardships and their implications for adopting negative health behaviors. Social Science & Medicine, 106, 28–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.01.007

Kelsall, H. L., Wijesinghe, M. S. D., Creamer, M. C., McKenzie, D. P., Forbes, A. B., Page, M. J., & Sim, M. R. (2015). Alcohol use and substance use disorders in gulf war, afghanistan, and iraq war veterans compared with nondeployed military personnel. Epidemiologic Reviews, 37(1), 38–54. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxu014

Keyes, K. M., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., & Hasin, D. S. (2011). Stressful life experiences, alcohol consumption, and alcohol use disorders: The epidemiologic evidence for four main types of stressors. Psychopharmacology, 218(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2236-1

Khan, S., Murray, R. P., & Barnes, G. E. (2002). A structural equation model of the effect of poverty and unemployment on alcohol abuse. Addictive Behaviors, 27(3), 405–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4603(01)00181-2

Khantzian, E. J. (2013). Addiction as a self‐regulation disorder and the role of self‐medication. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 108(4), 668–669. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12004

Kilpatrick, D. G., Acierno, R., Resnick, H. S., Saunders, B. E., & Best, C. L. (1997). A 2-year longitudinal analysis of the relationships between violent assault and substance use in women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(5), 834-837. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.65.5.834

King, A. C., Bernardy, N. C., & Hauner, K. (2003). Stressful events, personality, and mood disturbance:: Gender differences in alcoholics and problem drinkers. Addictive Behaviors, 28(1), 171–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4603(01)00264-7

Lee, J. O., Hill, K. G., Hartigan, L. A., Boden, J. M., Guttmannova, K., Kosterman, R., Bailey, J. A., & Catalano, R. F. (2015). Unemployment and substance use problems among young adults: Does childhood low socioeconomic status exacerbate the effect? Social Science & Medicine (1982), 143, 36–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.08.016

Lemke, S., Schutte, K. K., Brennan, P. L., & Moos, R. H. (2008). Gender differences in social influences and stressors linked to increased drinking. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 69(5), 695–702. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2008.69.695

Lijffijt, M., Hu, K., & Swann, A. C. (2014). Stress modulates illness-course of substance use disorders: A translational review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 5, 83. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00083

McAloney, K., McCrystal, P., Percy, A., & McCartan, C. (2009). Damaged youth: Prevalence of community violence exposure and implications for adolescent well‐being in post‐conflict Northern Ireland. Journal of Community Psychology, 37(5), 635–648. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20322

Miller, N. S., Mahler, J. C., & Gold, M. S. (1991). Suicide risk associated with drug and alcohol dependence. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 10(3), 49–61. https://doi.org/10.1300/J069v10n03_06

Mulia, N., Ye, Y., Zemore, S. E., & Greenfield, T. K. (2008). Social disadvantage, stress, and alcohol use among black, hispanic, and white americans: Findings from the 2005 us national alcohol survey. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 69(6), 824–833. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2008.69.824

Myers, B., McLaughlin, K. A., Wang, S., Blanco, C., & Stein, D. J. (2014). Associations between childhood adversity, adult stressful life events, and past-year drug use disorders in the national epidemiological study of alcohol and related conditions (nesarc). Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 28(4), 1117-1126. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037459

Nagelhout, G. E., Hummel, K., de Goeij, M. C. M., de Vries, H., Kaner, E., & Lemmens, P. (2017). How economic recessions and unemployment affect illegal drug use: A systematic realist literature review. International Journal of Drug Policy, 44, 69–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.03.013

Nandi, A., Charters, T. J., Strumpf, E. C., Heymann, J., & Harper, S. (2013). Economic conditions and health behaviours during the ‘great recession.’. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health (1979), 67(12), 1038–1046. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2012-202260

Ngo, H. M., & Le, T. N. (2007). Stressful life events, culture, and violence. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 9(2), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-006-9018-6

Ornish, D. (1998). Love & survival: The scientific basis for the healing power of intimacy and love. Rocco Publishing Company.

Pelissier, B. M. M., & O’Neil, J. A. (2000). Antisocial personality and depression among incarcerated drug treatment participants. Journal of Substance Abuse, 11(4), 379–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-3289(00)00034-1

Pilowsky, D. J., Keyes, K. M., & Hasin, D. S. (2009). Adverse childhood events and lifetime alcohol dependence. American Journal of Public Health (1971), 99(2), 258–263. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2008.139006

Rardin, D. R., Lawson, T. R., & Rush Jr, J. A. (1973). Drug use by american soldiers in europe. Social Work (New York), 18(1), 34–41. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/18.1.34

Raz, S., & Berger, B. D. (2010). Social isolation increases morphine intake: Behavioral and psychopharmacological aspects. Behavioural Pharmacology, 21(1), 39–46. https://doi.org/10.1097/FBP.0b013e32833470bd

Reed, S. C., Bell, J. F., & Edwards, T. C. (2011). Adolescent well-being in washington state military families. American Journal of Public Health (1971), 101(9), 1676–1682. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300165

Ritter, A., & Chalmers, J. (2011). The relationship between economic conditions and substance use and harm. Drug and Alcohol Review, 30(1), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-3362.2010.00282.x

Robins, L. N. (1974). The Vietnam drug user returns: Final report, September 1973. US Government Printing Office.

Robins, L. N., Davis, D. H., & Nurco, D. N. (1974). How permanent was vietnam drug addiction? American Journal of Public Health (1971), 64 Suppl 12(12_Suppl), 38–43. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.64.12_Suppl.38

Rokach, A. (2000). Loneliness and the life cycle. Psychological Reports, 86(2), 629–642. https://doi.org/10.2466/PR0.86.2.629-642

Rokach, A., & Orzeck, T. (2003). Coping with loneliness and drug use in young adults. Social Indicators Research, 61(3), 259–283. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021977731756

Rospenda, K. M., Fujishiro, K., Shannon, C. A., & Richman, J. A. (2008). Workplace harassment, stress, and drinking behavior over time: Gender differences in a national sample. Addictive Behaviors, 33(7), 964–967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.02.009

Rossi, D., Singh, D. Z., Pawlowicz, M. P., Touzé, G., Bolyard, M., Mateu-Gelabert, P., Sandoval, M., & Friedman, S. R. (2011). Changes in time-use and drug use by youngadults in poor neighbourhoods of greater buenos aires, argentina, after the political transitions of 2001-2002: Results of a survey. Harm Reduction Journal, 8(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-8-2

Schiff, M. (2006). Living in the shadow of terrorism: Psychological distress and alcohol use among religious and non-religious adolescents in jerusalem. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 62(9), 2301–2312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.10.016

Schiff, M., Benbenishty, R., McKay, M., DeVoe, E., Liu, X., & Hasin, D. (2006). Exposure to terrorism and israeli youths’ psychological distress and alcohol use: An exploratory study. American Journal on Addictions, 15(3), 220–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550490600626200

Schiff, M., Pat-Horenczyk, R., Benbenishty, R., Brom, D., Baum, N., & Astor, R. A. (2012). High school students’ posttraumatic symptoms, substance abuse and involvement in violence in the aftermath of war. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 75(7), 1321–1328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.05.010

Schiff, M., Zweig, H. H., Benbenishty, R., & Hasin, D. S. (2007). Exposure to terrorism and israeli youths’ cigarette, alcohol, and cannabis use. American Journal of Public Health (1971), 97(10), 1852–1858. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2006.090514

Shedler, J., & Block, J. (1990). Adolescent drug use and psychological health: A longitudinal inquiry. American Psychologist, 45(5), 612-630. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.45.5.612

Sinha, R. (2001). How does stress increase risk of drug abuse and relapse? Psychopharmacology, 158(4), 343–359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002130100917

Sinha, R. (2008). Chronic stress, drug use, and vulnerability to addiction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1141(1), 105-130. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1441.030

Skaff, M. M., Finney, J. W., & Moos, R. H. (1999). Gender differences in problem drinking and depression: Different “vulnerabilities?” American Journal of Community Psychology, 27(1), 25–54. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022813727823

Slopen, N., Williams, D. R., Fitzmaurice, G. M., & Gilman, S. E. (2011). Sex, stressful life events, and adult onset depression and alcohol dependence: Are men and women equally vulnerable? Social Science & Medicine (1982), 73(4), 615–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.06.022

Stanton, M. D. (1976). Drugs, vietnam, and the vietnam veteran: an overview. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 3(4), 557–570. https://doi.org/10.3109/00952997609014295

Steckler, T., Kalin, N. H., & Reul, J. M. H. M. (2005). Handbook of stress and the brain part 2: Stress: Integrative and clinical aspects. Elsevier.

Stewart, S. H. (1996). Alcohol abuse in individuals exposed to trauma: A critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 120(1), 83-112. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.120.1.83

Stewart, S. H., & Israeli, A. L. (2002). Substance abuse and co-occurring psychiatric disorders in victims of intimate violence. In C. Wekerle & A. -M. Walls (Eds.), The violence and addiction equation: Theoretical and clinical issues in substance abuse and relationship violence (pp. 98-122). Brunner-Routledge.

Ullman, S. E., Relyea, M., Peter-Hagene, L., & Vasquez, A. L. (2013). Trauma histories, substance use coping, ptsd, and problem substance use among sexual assault victims. Addictive Behaviors, 38(6), 2219–2223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.01.027

Veenstra, M. Y., Lemmens, P. H. H. M., Friesema, I. H. M., Tan, F. E. S., Garretsen, H. F. L., Knottnerus, J. A., & Zwietering, P. J. (2007). Coping style mediates impact of stress on alcohol use: A prospective population‐based study. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 102(12), 1890–1898. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02026.x

Whitaker, L. R., Degoulet, M., & Morikawa, H. (2013). Social deprivation enhances vta synaptic plasticity and drug-induced contextual learning. Neuron, 77(2), 335–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.11.022

Winton, M., Heather, N., & Robertson, I. (1986). Effects of unemployment on drinking behavior: A review of the relevant evidence. International Journal of the Addictions,21(12), 1261–1283. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826088609074854

Wish, E. D., Robins, L. N., Hesselbrock, M., & Helzer, J. E. (1979). The course of alcohol problems in vietnam veterans. Currents in Alcoholism, 6, 239-256. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/520054/

Youngstrom, E., Weist, M. D., & Albus, K. E. (2003). Exploring violence exposure, stress, protective factors and behavioral problems among inner‐city youth. American Journal of Community Psychology, 32(1–2), 115–129. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025607226122

Government of Canada. (2020). What you need to know about cannabis. https://www.canada.ca/en/services/health/campaigns/cannabis/canadians.html

Government of Canada. (2021). Authorized cannabis retailers in the provinces and territories. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/laws-regulat ions/provinces-territories.html

Hahn, R. A., Middleton, J. C., Elder, R., Brewer, R., Fielding, J., Naimi, T. S., Toomey, T. L., Chattopadhyay, S., Lawrence, B., Campbell, C. A., & Community Preventive Services Task Force. (2012). Effects of alcohol retail privatization on excessive alcohol consumption and related harms: A community guide systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 42(4), 418-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.01.002

How to read a label. (2020). Tweed. https://www.tweed.com/en/vault/articles/how-to-read-a-cannabis-label

Legal vs. Illegal: Inside canada’s marketplace. (2020). Responsible Cannabis Use. https://thercu.org/blogs/blog/legal-vs-illegal-inside-canada-s-cannabis-marketplace

Macdonald, A. (2018). Cannabis is now legal in canada! What is still illegal? (Part II). Right Legal https://www.rightlegal.ca/canada-cannabis-illegal-part2/

Myran, D. T., Chen, J. T., Giesbrecht, N., Rees, V. W. (2019). The association between alcohol access and alcohol-attributable emergency department visits in ontario, canada. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 114(7), 1183–1191. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14597

Myran, D. T., Staykov, E., Cantor, N., Taljaard, M., Quach, B. I., Hawken, S., & Tanuseputro, P. (2021). How has access to legal cannabis changed over time? an analysis of the cannabis retail market in canada 2 years following the legalisation of recreational cannabis. Drug and Alcohol Review, 41(2), 377-385. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.13351

Nunavut - Department of Finance. (2021). Cannabis. https://gov.nu.ca/finance/information/cannabis

Ontario. (2019). Buying recreational cannabis. https://www.ontario.ca/page/buying-recreational-cannabis

Ontario Cannabis Store. (2020). A Year in review-2019-2020: Ontario's first full year of legal cannabis operations. https://regulatorwatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Cannabis-OCS-InsightsReport_2 019-2020.pdf

Ontario Cannabis Store. (n.d.). Reading a cannabis label. https://ocs.ca/blogs/choosing-cannabis-products/reading-a-cannabis-product-label

Prince Edward Island. (2018). Cannabis policy, legislation and regulation. https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/en/information/cannabis-policy-legislation-and-regul Ation

Rotermann, M. (2019). National cannabis survey 2nd quarter. Statistics Canada. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/11-627-M2019057

Rotermann, M. (2021). Looking back from 2020, how cannabis use and related behaviours changed in canada. Health Reports, 32(4), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.25318/82-003-x202100400001-eng

Statistics Canada. (2019). The retail cannabis market in canada: A portrait of the first year. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-621-m/11-621-m2019005-eng.htm

Wadsworth, E., Driezen, P., & Hammond, D. (2021). Retail availability and legal purchases of dried flower in canada post-legalization. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 225, 108794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108794

Where can I buy recreational cannabis in canada? (2019). BudHubCanada. https://budhubcanada.ca/where-can-i-buy-legal-recreational-cannabis-in-canada/

Where to buy legal cannabis online in canada. (2020). Namaste. https://www.namaste.ca/blog/buy-marijuana-online-canada/

Alberta Health Services. (2020). Tobacco reduction program. https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Alberta/Pages/Using-cannabis-and-tobacco-together.aspx

Alston, E. (2020). What happens when you mix xanax and marijuana. The Recovery Village. https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/xanax-addiction/xanax-and-weed/

Alston, L. (2021). Cbd and xanax: Can you take them together? CFAH. https://cfah.org/cbd-and-xanax/

Carter, A. (2019). What really happens when you mix alcohol and weed? Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/alcohol-and-weed

Christiansen, T. (2020). Can you mix weed and cocaine? The Recovery Village. https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/cocaine-addiction/cocaine-and-weed/

Dangers of combining marijuana and lsd. (2018). Skywood Recovery. https://skywoodrecovery.com/marijuana/dangers-of-combining-marijuana-and-lsd/

DeVito, L. (2017). Cb1 and cb2: Different cannabinoid receptors in the brain. LabRoots. https://www.labroots.com/trending/health-and-medicine/7420/cb1-cb2-cannabinoid-recep tors-brain

Goodwin, R. D., Pacek, L. R., Copeland, J., Moeller, S. J., Dierker, L., Weinberger, A., Gbedemah, M., Zvolensky, M. J., Wall, M. M., & Hasin, D. S. (2018). Trends in daily cannabis use among cigarette smokers: United states, 2002–2014. American Journal of Public Health, 108(1), 137-142. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304050

Haney, M., Bedi, G., Cooper, Z. D., Glass, A., Vosburg, S. K., Comer, S. D., & Foltin, R. W. (2013). Predictors of marijuana relapse in the human laboratory: Robust impact of tobacco cigarette smoking status. Biological Psychiatry (1969), 73(3), 242-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.07.028

Henry, J. A., Oldfield, W. L. G., & Kon, O. M. (2003). Comparing cannabis with tobacco: Smoking cannabis, like smoking tobacco, can be a major public health hazard. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 326(7396), 942-943. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.326.7396.942

Hindocha, C., Brose, L. S., Walsh, H., & Cheeseman, H. (2021). Cannabis use and co‐use in tobacco smokers and non‐smokers: Prevalence and associations with mental health in a cross‐sectional, nationally representative sample of adults in great britain, 2020. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 116(8), 2209-2219. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15381

How do you look after someone who is ‘greening out’ on cannabis? ( 2014). Drug and Alcohol Research and Training Australia. https://darta.net.au/wordpress-content/uploads/2015/01/YPID-GREENING-OUT.pdf

Hutchison, S. (2021). The effects of mixing marijuana and ecstasy. River Oaks Treatment. https://riveroakstreatment.com/marijuana-abuse/mixing-with-ecstasy/

Isbell, H., & Jasinski, D. R. (1969). A comparison of lsd-25 with (-)-Δ9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (thc) and attempted cross tolerance between lsd and thc. Psychopharmacologia, 14(2), 115-123. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00403684

Iversen, L. (2003). Cannabis and the brain. Brain (London, England : 1878), 126(6), 1252-1270. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awg143

Kossen, J. (2017). How does cannabis interact with other drugs? Leafly. https://www.leafly.ca/news/health/cannabis-cannabinoids-drug-interactions

LaNeve, N. (2021). Is it safe to mix alcohol & marijuana? The Recovery Village. https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/alcohol-abuse/alcohol-and-marijuana/

Martin, P., & Consroe, P. (1981). A preliminary study of thc-lsd interactions on rabbit eeg and behavior. Physiological Psychology, 9(2), 219-222. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03332927

McClure, E. A., Rabin, R. A., Lee, D. C., & Hindocha, C. (2020). Treatment implications associated with cannabis and tobacco co-use. Current Addiction Reports, 7(4), 533-544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-020-00334-8

McDaniel, B. (2020). Why mixing opioids and marijuana to treat chronic pain is dangerous? Asheville Recovery Center. https://www.ashevillerecoverycenter.com/why-mixing-opioids-and-marijuana-to-treat-chronic-pain-is-dangerous/

Melamede, R. (2005). Cannabis and tobacco smoke are not equally carcinogenic. Harm Reduction Journal, 2(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-2-21

Meier, E., & Hatsukami, D. K. (2016). A review of the additive health risk of cannabis and tobacco co-use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 166, 6-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.07.013

Mixing marijuana with other drugs. (2020). Aspenridge Recovery. https://www.aspenridgerecoverycenters.com/mixing-marijuana-with-other-drugs/

Moke: What it is and why it is unhealthy for teens? ( 2018). Newport Academy. https://www.newportacademy.com/resources/substance-abuse/moke-drug-definition-and-risks/

National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2021). Cocaine drug facts. What is cocaine? https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/cocaine

Pacek, L. R., Copeland, J., Dierker, L., Cunningham, C. O., Martins, S. S., & Goodwin, R. D. (2018). Among whom is cigarette smoking declining in the united states? The impact of cannabis use status, 2002–2015. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 191, 355-360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.01.040

Parrott, A. C., Milani, R. M., Gouzoulis-Mayfrank, E., & Daumann, J. (2007). Cannabis and ecstasy/mdma (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine): An analysis of their neuropsychobiological interactions in recreational users. Journal of Neural Transmission, 114(8), 959-968. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-007-0715-7

Peters, E. N., Budney, A. J., & Carroll, K. M. (2012). Clinical correlates of co‐occurring cannabis and tobacco use: A systematic review. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 107(8), 1404-1417. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03843.x

Peters, E. N., Schwartz, R. P., Wang, S., O’Grady, K. E., & Blanco, C. (2014). Psychiatric, psychosocial, and physical health correlates of co-occurring cannabis use disorders and nicotine dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 134, 228-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.10.003

Rahn, B. (2015). Why does cannabis cause paranoia in some but helps anxiety in others? Leafly. https://www.leafly.ca/news/cannabis-101/why-does-cannabis-cause-paranoia-and-anxiety

Ramo, D. E., Liu, H., & Prochaska, J. J. (2012). Tobacco and marijuana use among adolescents and young adults: A systematic review of their co-use. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(2), 105-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.12.002

Rettner, R. (2016). Mixing the pot? 7 ways marijuana interacts with medicines. LiveScience. https://www.livescience.com/56439-how-marijuana-interacts-with-medicines.html

Schauer, G. L., Berg, C. J., Kegler, M. C., Donovan, D. M., & Windle, M. (2015). Differences in tobacco product use among past month adult marijuana users and nonusers: Findings from the 2003–2012 national survey on drug use and Health. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 18(3), 281-288. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntv093

Sidney, S., Beck, J. E., Tekawa, I. S., Quesenberry, C. P., & Friedman, G. D. (1997). Marijuana use and mortality. American Journal of Public Health, 87(4), 585-590. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.87.4.585

Singh, T., Kennedy, S. M., Sharapova, S. S., Schauer, G. L., & Rolle, I. V. (2016). Modes of ever marijuana use among adult tobacco users and non-tobacco users—styles 2014. Journal of Substance Use, 21(6), 631-635. https://doi.org/10.3109/14659891.2015.1122100

Statistics Canada. (2017). Canadian tobacco, alcohol and drugs survey. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/canadian-alcohol-drugs-survey/2017-su Mmary.html

Stephens, C. (2017). What should you know about hyperthermia? Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320226

Tashkin, D. P., Baldwin, G. C., Sarafian, T., Dubinett, S., Roth, M. D. (2002). Respiratory and immunologic consequences of marijuana smoking. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 42(S1), 71S-81S. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1552-4604.2002.tb06006.x

The dangers of mixing marijuana and cocaine. (2021). Vertava Health. https://vertavahealth.com/polysubstances/marijuana-and-cocaine/

Tucker, J. S., Pedersen, E. R., Seelam, R., Dunbar, M.S., Shih, R. A., & D'Amico, E. J. (2019). Types of cannabis and tobacco/nicotine co-use and associated outcomes in young adulthood. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 33(4), 401-411. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000464

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2019). World drug report 2019. https://wdr.unodc.org/wdr2019/

Wilcox, A. (2019). What happens to your body when you mix weed and tobacco? Herb. https://herb.co/learn/smoke-weed-and-tobacco/

Wilson, D., R. (2019). Is weed a depressant, stimulant, or hallucinogen? Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/is-weed-a-depressant

World Health Organization. (2020). Tobacco. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco

Van der Kooy, F., Pomahacova, B., & Verpoorte, R. (2009). Cannabis smoke condensate II: Influence of tobacco on tetrahydrocannabinol levels. Inhalation Toxicology, 21(2), 87-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/08958370802187296

Aldington, S., Williams, M., Nowitz, M., Weatherall, M., Pritchard, A., McNaughton, A., Robinson, G., & Beasley, R. (2007). Effects of cannabis on pulmonary structure,function and symptoms. Thorax, 62(12), 1058-1063. https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2006.077081

Baczynsky, W. O., & Zimmerman, A. M. (1983a). Effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol and cannabidiol on the immune system in mice. I. In vivo investigation of the primary and secondary immune response. Pharmacology, 26(1), 12-19. https://doi.org/10.1159/000137763

Baczynsky, W. O., & Zimmerman, A. M. (1983b). Effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol and cannabidiol on the immune system in mice: II. In vitro investigation using cultured mouse splenocytes. Pharmacology, 26(1), 12-19. https://doi.org/10.1159/000137764

BC Lung Foundation. (2019). Cannabis and Lung Health. https://bclung.ca/how-we-can-help/cannabis-and-lung-health

Biles, M. (2019). Cannabis & the immune system: A complex balancing act. Project CBD. https://www.projectcbd.org/science/cannabis-and-immune-system

CDC. (2018). Marijuana and public health: Immune function. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/marijuana/nas/immune-function.html

Coggans, N., Dalgarno, P., Johnson, L., & Shewan, D. (2020). Long-term heavy cannabis use: Implications for health education. Drugs: Education Prevention and Policy, 11(4), 299-313. https://doi.org/10.108009687630410001687860

Croxford, J. L., & Yamamura, T. (2005). Cannabinoids and the immune system: potential for the treatment of inflammatory diseases? Journal of Neuroimmunology, 166(1-2), 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.04.023

Dax, E.M., Pilotte, N.S., Adler, W.H., Nagel, J.E., & Lange, W. R. (1989). The effects of 9-ene-tetrahydrocannabinol on hormone release and immune function. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry, 34(1-6), 263-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4731(89)90090-3

Earleywine, M., & Barnwell, S. S. (2007). Decreased respiratory symptoms in cannabis users who vaporize. Harm Reduction Journal, 4(11). https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-4-11

Gates, P., Jaffe, A., & Copeland, J. (2014). Cannabis smoking and respiratory health: Consideration of the literature. Respirology, 19(5), 655-662. https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.12298

Hancox, R. J., Poulton, R., Ely, M., Welch, D., Taylor, D. R., McLachlan, C. R., Greene, J. M., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., & Sears, M. R. (2010). Effects of cannabis on lung function: A population-based cohort study. The European Respiratory Journal, 35(1), 42–47. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00065009

Hui-ChihWu, J. (2014). Evidence brief: Communicable disease impacts of sharing electronic-cigarettes with drip tips. Public Health Ontario. https://www.publichealthontario.ca/-/media/documents/eb-ecig-communicable-driptip.pd f?la=en

Joshi, M., Joshi, A., & Bartter, T. (2014). Marijuana and lung diseases. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine, 20(2), 173-179. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0000000000000026

Keen, L., 2nd, Abbate, A., Blanden, G., Priddie, C., Moeller, F. G., & Rathore, M. (2017). Confirmed marijuana use and lymphocyte count in black people living with hiv. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 180, 22–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.07.026 (Retraction published Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019 May 1;198:199)

Klein, T. W., & Friedman, H. (1990). Modulation of murine immune cell function by marijuana components. In R. R. Watson (Ed.), Drugs of Abuse and Immune Function, (pp. 87-112). CRC Press. https://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=5ePEDE1-r5YC&oi=fnd&pg=PA87&dq=Klein+and+Friedman,+1990+immune&ots=_Jh7HBFTTJ&sig=hFM-xogPK0HMXqIPG hHtw5M0-hg#v=onepage&q=Klein%20and%20Friedman%2C%201990%20immune&f=false

Klein, T. W., Friedman, H., Specter, S. (1998, March 15). Marijuana, immunity, and infection. The Journal of Neuroimmunology, 83(1-2), 102-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-5728(97)00226-9

Klein, T. W., Newton, C., & Friedman, H. (1986). Inhibition of natural killer cell function by marijuana components. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 20(4), 321- 332. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287398709530986

Lee, M. H. S., & Hancox, R. J. (2011). Effects of smoking cannabis on lung function. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 5(4), 537-547. https://doi.org/10.1586/ers.11.40

Marcellin, F., Lions, C., Rosenthal, E., Roux, P., Sogni, P., Wittkop, L., Protopopescu, C., Spire, B., Salmon-Ceron, D., Dabis, F., Carrieri, M. P., & HEPAVIH ANRS CO13 StudyGroup (2017). No significant effect of cannabis use on the count and percentage of circulating cd4 t-cells in hiv-hcv co-infected patients (anrs co13-hepavih french cohort). Drug and Alcohol Review, 36(2), 227–238. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12398

Martin, R., Safaee, S. D., Somsamouth, K., Mounivong, B., Sinclair, R., Bansal, S., & Singh,P. N. (2013). Mixed methods pilot study of sharing behaviors among waterpipe smokers of rural lao pdr: Implications for infectious disease transmission. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(6), 2120-2132. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10062120

Molina, P. E., Amedee, A. M., LeCaptaine, N. J., Zabaleta, J., Mohan, M., Winsauer, J., Vande Stouwe, C., McGoey, R. R., Auten, M. W., LaMotte, L., Chandra, L. C., & Birke, L. L. (2014). Modulation of gut-specific mechanisms by chronic Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol administration in male rhesus macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus: A systems biology analysis. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 30(6), 567-578. https://doi.org/10.1089/aid.2013.0182

Molina, P. E., Winsauer, P., Zhang, P., Walker, E., Birke, L., Amedee, A., Stouwe, C. V., Troxclair, D., McGoey, R., Varner, K., Byerley, L., & LaMotte, L. (2011). Cannabinoid administration attenuates the progression of simian immunodeficiency virus. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 27(6), 585–592. https://doi.org/10.1089/aid.2010.0218

Munckhof, W. J., Konstantinos, A., Wamsley, M., Mortlock, M., & Gilpin, C. (2003). A cluster of tuberculosis associated with use of a marijuana water pipe. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 7(9), 860–865. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12971670/

National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2019). What are marijuana's effects on lung health? https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/marijuana/what-are-marijuanas-effects-lung-health

Patel, V., Borysenko, M., Kumar, M. S. A., & Millard, W.J. (1985). Effects of acute and subchronic Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol administration on the plasma catecholamine, β-endorphin, and corticosterone levels and splenic natural killer cell activity in rats. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 180(2), 400–404. https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-180-42195

Pletcher, M. J., Vittinghoff, E., Kalhan, R., Richman, J., Safford, M., Sidney, S., Lin, F., & Kertesz, S. (2012). Association between marijuana exposure and pulmonary function over 20 years. JAMA, 307(2), 173–181. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1961

Ribeiro, L., & Ind, P. (2016). S127 effect of cannabis smoking on the development of bullous lung disease: A structured literature review. Thorax, 71, A74-A76. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-209333.133

Statistics Canada. (2018). Canadian tobacco, alcohol and drugs (ctads) survey: 2017 detailed tables. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/canadian-tobacco-alcohol-drugs-survey/2017-summary/2017-detailed-tables.html#t16

Tan, W.C., Lo, C., Jong, A., Xing, L., FitzGerald, M.J., Vollmer, W.M., Buist, S.A., & Sin, D.D. (2009). Marijuana and chronic obstructive lung disease: A population-based study. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association Journal, 180(8), 814-820. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.081040

Tashkin, D.P. & Roth, M.D. (2019). Pulmonary effects of inhaled cannabis smoke. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 45(6), 596-609. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2019.1627366

Taylor, D. R., Fergusson, D. M., Milne, B. J., Horwood, L. J., Moffitt, T. E., Sears, M. R., & Poulton, R. (2002). A longitudinal study of the effects of tobacco and cannabis exposure on lung function in young adults. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 97(8), 1055–1061. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00169.x

Thu, K., Hayes, M., Miles, S., Tierney, L., & Foy, A. (2013). Marijuana 'bong' smoking and tuberculosis. Internal Medicine Journal, 43(4), 456–458. https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.12089

Downey, L. A., King, R., Papafotiou, K., Swann, P., Ogden, E., Boorman, M., & Stough, C. (2013). The effects of cannabis and alcohol on simulated driving: Influences of dose and experience. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 50, 879-886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2012.07.016

Fischer, B., Russell, C., Sabioni, P., van den Brink, W., Le Foll, B., Hall, W., Rehm, J., & Room, R. (2017). Lower-risk cannabis use guidelines: A comprehensive update ofevidence and recommendations. American Journal of Public Health (1971), 107(8), E1-E12. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303818

Hall, W. (2018). How should we respond to cannabis‐impaired driving? Drug and Alcohol Review, 37(1), 3-5. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12651

Hall, W., & Homel, R. (2007). [commentary] Reducing cannabis‐impaired driving: Is there sufficient evidence for drug testing of drivers? Addiction (Abingdon, England), 102(12), 1918-1919. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02042.x

Jones, C. B., Meier, M. H., & Pardini, D. A. (2018). Comparison of the locations where young adults smoke, vape, and eat/drink cannabis: Implications for harm reduction. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 8, 140-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2018.09.002

Laumon, B., Gadegbeku, B., Martin, J., Biecheler, M., & SAM Group. (2005). Cannabis intoxication and fatal road crashes in france: Population based case-control study. BMJ, 331(7529), 1371-1374. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38648.617986.1F

Richer, I., & Bergeron, J. (2009). Driving under the influence of cannabis: Links with dangerous driving, psychological predictors, and accident involvement. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 41(2), 299-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2008.12.004

Shiplo, S., Asbridge, M., Leatherdale, S. T., & Hammond, D. (2016). Medical cannabis use in canada: Vapourization and modes of delivery. Harm Reduction Journal, 13(1), 30-30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-016-0119-9

Wettlaufer, A., Florica, R. O., Asbridge, M., Beirness, D., Brubacher, J., Callaghan, R., Fischer, B., Gmel, G., Imtiaz, S., Mann, R. E., McKiernan, A., & Rehm, J. (2017). Estimating the harms and costs of cannabis-attributable collisions in the canadian provinces. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 173, 185-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.12.024

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

Anthony, J. C, & Helzer, J. E. (1991). Syndromes of drug abuse and dependence. In Robins, L. N, & Regier, D. A. (eds). Psychiatric disorders in america. (pp. 116-154). New York. Free Press. McMillan.

Arkowitz, H., & Lilienfeld, S. (2021, March 1). Experts tell the truth about pot. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-truth-about-pot/

Bloomfield, M. A. P., Morgan, C. J. A., Kapur, S., Curran, H. V., & Howes, O. D. (2014). The link between dopamine function and apathy in cannabis users: An [18f]-Dopa pet imaging study. Psychopharmacology, 231(11), 2251-2259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-014-3523-4

Birchard, K. (2001). Cannabis weakens immune system, may cause mental illness: Cannabis today much more potent than in past. The Medical Post, 37(7), 59. https://www.proquest.com/trade-journals/cannabis-weakens-immune-system-may-cause-mental/docview/228747678/se-2?accountid=11530

Bryant, A. L., Schulenberg, J. E., O'Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Johnston, L. D. (2003). How academic achievement, attitudes, and behaviors relate to the course of substance use during adolescence: A 6-year, multiwave national longitudinal study. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 13(3), 361-397. https://doi.org/10.1111/1532-7795.1303005

Bryant, A. L., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2002). Examining the effects of academic beliefs and behaviors on changes in substance use among urban adolescents. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94, 621-637. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.94.3.621

Campolongo, P., Trezza, V., Cassano, T., Gaetani, S., Morgese, M. G., Ubaldi, M., Soverchia, L., Antonelli, T., Ferraro, L., Massi, M., Ciccocioppo, R., & Cuomo, V. (2007). Perinatal exposure to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol causes enduring cognitive deficits associated with alteration of cortical gene expression and neurotransmission in rats. Addiction Biology, 12(3). 485-495. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1369-1600.2007.00074.x

Compton, D. R., Dewey, W. L., & Martin, B. R. (1990). Cannabis dependence and tolerance production. Advances in Alcohol & Substance Abuse, 9(1-2), 129-147. https://doi.org/10.1300/J251v09n01_08

Cox, R. G., Zhang, L., Johnson, W. D., & Bender, D. R. (2007). Academic performance and substance use: From a state survey of public high school students. Journal of School Health, 77(3), 109-115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2007.00179.x

Degenhardt, L., Chiu, W. T., Sampson, N., Kessler, R. C., Anthony, J. C. (2007). Epidemiological patterns of extra-medical drug use in the united states: Evidence from the national comorbidity survey replication, 2001–2003. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 90(2), 210–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.03.007

Dreher, M. (2002). Crack heads and roots daughters: The therapeutic use of cannabis in jamaica. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics, 2(3-4), 121-133. https://doi.org/10.1300/J175v02n03_08

Dryfoos, J. G. (1990). Adolescents at risk: Prevalence and prevention. New York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195072686.001.0001

Duncan, D. F. (1987). Lifetime prevalence of “amotivational syndrome” among users and nonusers of hashish. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 1(2), 114-119. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.1.2.114

Fergusson, D. M., & Boden, J. M. (2008). Cannabis use and later life outcomes. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 103(6), 969-976. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02221.x

Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Beautrais, A. L. (2003). Cannabis and educational achievement. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 98(12), 1681–1692. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2003.00573.x

Finn, K. V. (2012). Marijuana use at school and achievement-linked behaviors. The High School Journal, 95(3), 3-13. https://doi.org/10.1353/hsj.2012.0005

Gerard, A. (2014). Medical cannabis and the myth of amotivational syndrome. Substance Abuse Policy. https://substanceabusepolicy.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1747-597X-1-2

Grewal, J. K., & Loh, L. C. (2020). Health considerations of the legalization of cannabis edibles. Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ), 192(1), E1-E2. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.191217

Grewal, S., & George. T. (2017). Cannabis-induced psychosis: A review. Psychiatric Times, 34(7). https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/cannabis-induced-psychosis-review

Hartney, E. (2021). Recognize the symptoms of marijuana addiction. VeryWellMind. https://www.verywellmind.com/characteristics-of-marijuana-addiction-22298

Hasin, D. S., O'Brien, C. P., Auriacombe, M., Borges, G., Bucholz, K., Budney, A., Compton, W. M., Crowley, T., Ling, W., Petry, N. M., Schuckit, M., & Grant, B. F. (2013). Dsm-5 criteria for substance use disorders: Recommendations and rationale. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(8), 834-851. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12060782

Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., & Miller, J. Y. (1992). Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 64-105. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.64

Henry, K. L. (2010). Academic achievement and adolescent drug use: An examination of reciprocal effects and correlated growth trajectories. Journal of School Health, 80, 38-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2009.00455.x

Jafari, S., & Tang, T. (2016). Diagnosis and treatment of marijuana dependence. British Columbia Medical Journal, 58(6), 315-317. https://bcmj.org/articles/diagnosis-and-treatment-marijuana-dependence

Kouri, E., Pope Jr, H. G., Yurgelun-Todd, D., & Gruber, S. (1995). Attributes of heavy vs. occasional marijuana smokers in a college population. Biological Psychiatry (1969), 38(7), 475-481. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(94)00325-W

Ksir, C., & Hart, C. L. (2016). Cannabis and psychosis: A critical overview of the relationship. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-015-0657-y

Lucas, P. (2012). Cannabis as an adjunct to or substitute for opiates in the treatment of chronic pain. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 44(2), 125-133. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2012.684624

Lucas, P., Reiman, A., Earleywine, M., McGowan, S. K., Oleson, M., Coward, M. P., & Thomas, B. (2013). Cannabis as a substitute for alcohol and other drugs: A dispensary-based survey of substitution effect in Canadian medical cannabis patients. Addiction Research & Theory, 21(5), 435-442. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066359.2012.733465

Lynskey, M. T., & Hall, W. (2000). The effects of adolescent cannabis use on educational achievement: A review. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 95(11), 1621-1630. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.951116213.x

Media Relations. (2017). Marijuana use tied to poorer school performance. University of Waterloo. https://uwaterloo.ca/news/news/marijuana-use-tied-poorer-school-performance

Mikuriya, T. H. (2004). Cannabis as a substitute for alcohol: A harm-reduction approach. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics, 4(1), 79-93. https://doi.org/10.1300/J175v04n01_04

Mikuriya, T., & Mandel, J. (2001). Cannabis substitution: Harm reduction treatment for alcoholism and drug dependence. https://www.mikuriya.com/cw_cansub.html

Miller, B. (2021). Does cannabis cause psychosis? Psychiatric Times, 38(3). https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/cannabis-cause-psychosis

Musty, R. E., & Kaback, L. (1995). Relationships between motivation and depression in chronic marijuana users. Life Sciences, 56(23-24), 2151-2158. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(95)00202-h

Newcomb, M. D., Bentler, P. M. (1988). Impact of adolescent drug use and social support on problems of young adults: a longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology (1965), 97(1), 64–75. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.97.1.64

Patton G. C., Coffey C., Lynskey M. T., Reid S., Hemphill S., Carlin J. B., & Hall, W. (2007). Trajectories of adolescent alcohol and cannabis use into young adulthood. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 102(4), 607–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01728.x

Register, C. A., Williams, D. R., & Grimes, P. W. (2001). Adolescent drug use and educational attainment. Education Economics, 9(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/09645290124529

Reiman, A. (2007). Medical cannabis patients: Patient profiles and health care utilization patterns. Complementary Health Practice Review, 12(1), 31-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/1533210107301834

Reiman, A. (2009). Cannabis as a substitute for alcohol and other drugs. Harm Reduction Journal, 6(1), 35. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-6-35

Schmidt, L., Weisner, C., & Wiley J. (1998). Substance abuse and the course of welfare dependency. American Journal of Public Health (1971), 88(11), 1616–22. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.88.11.1616

Semple, D. M., McIntosh, A. M., & Lawrie, S. M. (2005). Cannabis as a risk factor for psychosis: Systematic review. Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881105049040

Smith, D. E. (1968). Acute and chronic toxicity of marijuana. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs, 2(1), 37-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1968.10524399

Studies from washington university yield new information about marijuana/cannabis (A large-scale genome-wide association study meta-analysis of cannabis use disorder). (2021). Psychology & Psychiatry Journal, 503. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A646718700/AONE?u=humber&sid=summon&xid=bc33 d18f

Subbaraman, M. S. (2014). Can cannabis be considered a substitute medication for alcohol? Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford), 49(3), 292-298. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agt182

Szoke, A., Galliot, A., Richard, J., Ferchiou, A., Baudin, G., Leboyer, M., & Schürhoff, F. (2014). Association between cannabis use and schizotypal dimensions –A meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies. Psychiatry Research, 219(1), 58-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.05.008

Timmins, B. (2017). Cannabis users are more successful and satisfied, finds new study. Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/cannabis-users-success-satisfied-marijuana-wee d-study-well-adjusted-rich-a7792991.html

Voelkl, K. E., & Frone, M. R. (2000). Predictors of substance use at school among high school students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92(3), 583-592. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-0663.92.3.583

Watkins. M., (2020). Marijuana (Weed, cannabis) Overdose symptoms, signs & treatment. American Addictions Centers. https://drugabuse.com/drugs/marijuana/overdose/

Wiesbeck, G. A., Schuckit, M. A., Kalmijn, J. A., Tipp, J. E., Bucholz, K. K., & Smith, T. L. (1996). An evaluation of the history of a marijuana withdrawal syndrome in a large population. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 91(10), 1469-1478. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8917915/

World Health Organization. (2016). The health and social effects of nonmedical cannabis use. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/251056

World Health Organization (WHO). (2016). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems - Tenth revision (ICD-10). https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/246208/9789241549165-V3-eng.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y

Adlaf, E. M., Hamilton, H. A., Wu, F., & Noh, S. (2009). Adolescent stigma towards drug addiction: Effects of age and drug use behaviour. Addictive Behaviors, 34(4), 360–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.11.012

Botvin, G. J., & Griffin, K. W. (2007). School-based programmes to prevent alcohol, tobacco and other drug use. International Review of Psychiatry (Abingdon, England), 19(6), 607–615. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260701797753

Bränström, R., Sjöström, E., & Andréasson, S. (2007). Individual, group and community risk and protective factors for alcohol and drug use among swedish adolescents. European Journal of Public Health, 18(1), 12–18. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckm038

Chaloupka, F. J., Grossman, M., & Saffer, H. (2002). The effects of price on alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems. Alcohol Research & Health: The Journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 26(1), 22–34. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12154648/

Chaloupka, F. J., & Wechsler, H. (1996). Binge drinking in college: The impact of price, availability, and alcohol control policies. Contemporary Economic Policy, 14(4), 112–124. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.1996.tb00638.x

Farrelly, M. C., Bray, J. W., Zarkin, G. A., & Wendling, B. W. (2001). The joint demand for cigarettes and marijuana: Evidence from the national household surveys on drug abuse. Journal of Health Economics, 20(1), 51–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6296(00)00067-9

Grossman, M. (2005). Individual behaviours and substance use: The role of price. In B. lindgren & M. grossman (Eds.), Substance Use: Individual Behaviour, Social Interactions, Markets and Politics. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-2199(05)16002-6

Grossman, M., Chaloupka, F. J., Saffer, H., & Laixuthai, A. (1994). Effects of alcohol price policy on youth: A summary of economic research. Journal of Research on Adolescence (Lawrence Erlbaum), 4(2), 347–364. https://doi.org/10.3386/w4385

Hathaway, A. D., Comeau, N. C., & Erickson, P. G. (2011). Cannabis normalization and stigma: Contemporary practices of moral regulation. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 11(5), 451–469. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895811415345

Kuo, M., Wechsler, H., Greenberg, P., & Lee, H. (2003). The marketing of alcohol to college students: The role of low prices and special promotions. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 25(3), 204–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(03)00200-9

Leverett, M., Ashe, M., Gerard, S., Jenson, J., & Woollery, T. (2002). Tobacco use: The impact of prices. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 30(3), 88–95. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12508509/

Parker, H., & Egginton, R. (2002). Adolescent recreational alcohol and drugs careers gone wrong: developing a strategy for reducing risks and harms. International Journal of Drug Policy, 13(5), 419–432. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-3959(02)00154-8

Rhodes, W., Johnston, P., Han, S., McMullen, Q., & Hozik, L. (2000). Illicit drugs: Price elasticity of demand and supply. Abt Associates.

Stockwell, T., Zhao, J., Giesbrecht, N., Macdonald, S., Thomas, G., & Wettlaufer, A. (2012). The raising of minimum alcohol prices in saskatchewan, canada: Impacts on consumptionand implications for public health. American Journal of Public Health, 102(12), e103–e110. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301094

van Ours, J. C., & Williams, J. (2007). Cannabis prices and dynamics of cannabis use. Journal of Health Economics, 26(3), 578–596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2006.10.001

Xu, X., & Chaloupka, F. J. (2011). The effects of prices on alcohol use and its consequences. Alcohol Research & Health : The Journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 34(2), 236–245. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22330223

Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario. (n.d.). First allocation of stores - Expression of interest lottery. https://www.agco.ca/cannabis/cannabis-retail-lottery

Cannabis Act (S.C. 2018, c. 16). https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-24.5/

Cannabis Regulations (SOR/2018-144). https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/Regulations/SOR-2018-144/index.html 

CDPE. (2020, October 14). Canada’s legal cannabis industry lacks diversity, a new policy brief by the centre on drug policy evaluation and the university of toronto finds. https://cdpe.org/canadas-legal-cannabis-industry-lacks-diversity/#:~:text=The%20new%2 0policy%20brief%20found,%2C%20and%201%25%20Latinx).

Government of Canada. (2016, December 13). A framework for the legalization and regulation of cannabis in canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/laws-regulat ions/task-force-cannabis-legalization-regulation/framework-legalization-regulation-canna bis-in-canada.html#a2.2

Government of Canada. (2019, December 23). Summary of results for the canadian student tobacco, alcohol and drugs survey 2018-19. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/canadian-student-tobacco-alcohol-drugs -survey/2018-2019-summary.html

Government of Canada. (2019, June 14). Directory of nutrition facts table formats for edible cannabis. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/laws-regulat ions/regulations-support-cannabis-act/directory-nutrition-facts-table-formats-edible.html

Government of Canada. (2019, November 5). The cannabis act and cannabis regulations: Promotion prohibitions. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/laws-regulat ions/promotion-prohibitions.html

Government of Canada. (2021, February 3). Cannabis legalization and regulation. https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/cj-jp/cannabis/

Health Canada. (2018). Cannabis public education activities. Government of Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/news/2018/06/cannabis-public-education-activiti es.html

Health Canada, Cannabis Legalization and Regulation Branch. (2018). Promotion prohibitions under the cannabis act. https://commb.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/25152254/Cannabis_Act_Promotion_Proh ibitions_EN.pdf

Lisdahl, K. M., Gilbart, E. R., Wright, N. E., & Shollenbarger, S. (2013). Dare to delay? The impacts of adolescent alcohol and marijuana use onset on cognition, brain structure, and function. Frontiers in psychiatry, 4, 53. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00053

Pfeffer, A. (2019, November 13). Pot producers implore ontario to open more stores. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/pot-producers-implore-ontario-open-stores-1.5357101

Rotermann, M. (2020, February 19). What has changed since cannabis was legalized? Statistics Canada. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-003-x/2020002/article/00002-eng.htm

Solowij, N., Jones, K. A., Rozman, M. E., Davis, S. M., Ciarrochi, J., Heaven, P. C., Lubman, D. I., & Yücel, M. (2011). Verbal learning and memory in adolescent cannabis users, alcohol users and non-users. Psychopharmacology, 216(1), 131–144.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2203-x

Tobacco and Vaping Products Act, S.C. 1997, c. 13. https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/t-11.5/

Abelman, D. D. (2017). Mitigating risks of students use of study drugs through understanding motivations for use & applying harm reduction theory: A literature review. Harm Reduction Journal, 14(1), 68. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-017-0194-6

Ali, S., Mouton, C. P., Jabeen, S., Ofoemezie, E. K., Bailey, R. K., Shahid, M., & Zeng, Q. (2011). Early detection of illicit drug use in teenagers. Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience, 8(12), 24–28. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3257983/

Arria, A. M., & DuPont, R. L. (2010). Nonmedical prescription stimulant use among college students: Why we need to do something and what we need to do. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 29(4), 417-426. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550887.2010.509273

Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. (n.d.). Canadian centre on substance abuse. https://www.ccsa.ca/

Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. (2014). The canadian standards for youth substance abuse prevention: An overview. https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-05/2014-CCSA-Canadian-Standards-Youth-Substance-Abuse-Prevention-Overview-en.pdf

Department of Justice. (2018, September 26). National anti-drug strategy evaluation. https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cp-pm/eval/rep-rap/12/nas-sna/p4.html

Fischer, B. (2005). Substance abuse in canada: Current challenges and choices. Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, 11–12. https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-04/ccsa-004032-2005.pdf

Gaetz, S. (2014). Harm reduction. Homeless Hub. https://www.homelesshub.ca/solutions/supports/harm-reduction

Mitra, S., & Globerman, J. (2016). Engaging law enforcement in harm reduction programs for people who inject drugs. Ontario HIV Treatment Network. http://www.ohtn.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/rr109_law-enforcement-harm-reduction.pdf

Public Health England. (2015). The international evidence on the prevention of drug and alcohol use. https://healtheducationresources.unesco.org/library/documents/international-evidence-prevention-drug-and-alcohol-use-summary-and-examples

Shaw, A., Egan, J., & Gillespie, M. (2007). Drugs and poverty: A literature review. Scottish Drugs Forum. http://www.dldocs.stir.ac.uk/documents/drugpovertylitrev.pdf

Spooner, C., & Hetherington, K. (2004). Social Determinants of Drug Use. National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre. https://ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/ndarc/resources/TR.228.pdf

United Nations International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP). (1995). The social impact of drug abuse. https://www.unodc.org/pdf/technical_series_1995-03-01_1.pdf

Vancouver Police Department. (2006). Vancouver police department drug policy. https://vancouver.ca/police/assets/pdf/reports-policies/vpd-policy-drug.pdf

Warren, F. (2016, December). 'What works' in drug education and prevention? Scottish Government. http://www.edex.es/wp-content/uploads/What-works-in-prevention.pdf

Becvar, D. S. (2007). Families that flourish: Facilitating resilience in clinical practice. WW Norton & Company.

Birtchnell, J. (1975). Psychiatric breakdown following recent parent death. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 48(4), 379–390. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1975.tb02346.x

Bonanno, G. A., Wortman, C. B., Lehman, D. R., Tweed, R. G., Haring, M., Sonnega, J., Carr, D., & Nesse, R. M. (2002). Resilience to loss and chronic grief: A prospective study from preloss to 18-months postloss. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(5), 1150-1164. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.83.5.1150

Brent, D. A., Perper, J. A., Moritz, G., Liotus, L., Schweers, J., & Canobbio, R. (1994). Major depression or uncomplicated bereavement? A follow-up of youth exposed to suicide. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(2), 231–239. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199402000-00012

Brewer, N. T., Weinstein, N. D., Cuite, C. L., & Herrington, J. E. (2004). Risk perceptions and their relation to risk behavior. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 27(2), 125–130. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324796abm2702_7

Burton, A. M., Haley, W. E., & Small, B. J. (2006). Bereavement after caregiving or unexpected death: Effects on elderly spouses. Aging and Mental Health, 10(3), 319–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860500410045

Bush, J., Phillimore, P., Pless-Mulloli, T., & Thompson, C. (2005). Carcass disposal and siting controversy: Risk, dialogue and confrontation in the 2001 foot-and-mouth outbreak. Local Environment, 10(6), 649–664. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549830500321907

Carey, M. P., Braaten, L. S., Jaworski, B. C., Durant, L. E., & Forsyth, A. D. (1999). Hiv and aids relative to other health, social, and relationship concerns among low-income urban women: A brief report. Journal of Women’s Health and Gender-Based Medicine, 8(5), 657–661. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.1.1999.8.657

Carr, D. (2004). Gender, preloss marital dependence, and older adults’ adjustment to widowhood. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66(1), 220–235. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00016.x

Conner, M., & Norman, P. (2005). Predicting health behaviour. UK: McGraw-Hill Education.

De Cock, K. M., Jaffe, H. W., & Curran, J. W. (2011). Reflections on 30 years of aids. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17(6), 1044-1048. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid/1706.100184

Drew, S. (2007). Having cancer changed my life, and changed my life forever’: Survival, illness legacy and service provision following cancer in childhood. Chronic Illness, 3(4), 278–295. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742395307085236

Egnew, T. R. (2005). The meaning of healing: Transcending suffering. The Annals of Family Medicine, 3(3), 255–262. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.313

Elwert, F., & Christakis, N. A. (2008). The effect of widowhood on mortality by the causes of death of both spouses. American Journal of Public Health, 98(11), 2092–2098. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.114348

Fauci, A. S., & Morens, D. M. (2012). The perpetual challenge of infectious diseases. New England Journal of Medicine, 366(5), 454–461. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1108296

Folkman, S., & Greer, S. (2000). Promoting psychological well-being in the face of serious illness: When theory, research and practice inform each other. Psycho-Oncology: Journal of the Psychological, Social and Behavioural Dimensions of Cancer, 9(1), 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1611(200001/02)9:1<11::aid-pon424>3.0.co;2-z

Gallacher, J., Bronstering, K., Palmer, S., Fone, D., & Lyons, R. (2007). Symptomatology attributable to psychological exposure to a chemical incident: A natural experiment. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 61(6), 506–512. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2006.046987

Greene, G., Turley, R., Mann, M., Amlôt, R., Page, L., & Palmer, S. (2014). Differing community responses to similar public health threats: A cross-disciplinary systematic literature review. Science of the Total Environment, 470, 759–767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.031

Greyson, B., & Khanna, S. (2014). Spiritual transformation after near-death experiences. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 1(1), 43-45. https://doi.org/10.1037/scp0000010

Guidotti, T. L., & Jacobs, P. (1993). The implications of an epidemiological mistake: A community’s response to a perceived excess cancer risk. American Journal of Public Health, 83(2), 233–239. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.83.2.233

Horowitz, M. J., Krupnick, J., Kaltreider, N., Wilner, N., Leong, A., & Marmar, C. (1981). Initial psychological response to parental death. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38(3), 316–323. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1981.01780280084010

Hughes, M. E., & Waite, L. J. (2009). Marital biography and health at mid-life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 50(3), 344–358. https://doi.org/10.1177/002214650905000307

Kilpatrick, A. M., & Randolph, S. E. (2012). Drivers, dynamics, and control of emerging vector-borne zoonotic diseases. The Lancet, 380(9857), 1946–1955. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61151-9

Lau, J. T., Yang, X., Pang, E., Tsui, H. Y., Wong, E., & Wing, Y. K. (2005). Sars-related perceptions in hong kong. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 11(3), 417-424. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15757557/

Lee, G. R., & DeMaris, A. (2007). Widowhood, gender, and depression: A longitudinal analysis. Research on Aging, 29(1), 56–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027506294098

Leung, G. M., Quah, S., Ho, L. M., Ho, S. Y., Hedley, A. J., Lee, H. P., & Lam, T. H. (2004). A tale of two cities: Community psychobehavioral surveillance and related impact on outbreak control in hong kong and singapore during the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 25(12), 1033–1041. https://doi.org/10.1086/502340

Liu, W.-M., Forbat, L., & Anderson, K. (2019). Correction: Death of a close friend: Short and long-term impacts on physical, psychological and social well-being. PloS One, 14(5), e0218026. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218026

Lucas, R. E., Clark, A. E., Georgellis, Y., & Diener, E. (2003). Reexamining adaptation and the set point model of happiness: reactions to changes in marital status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(3), 527-539. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.84.3.527

Melhem, N. M., Porta, G., Shamseddeen, W., Payne, M. W., & Brent, D. A. (2011). Grief in children and adolescents bereaved by sudden parental death. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(9), 911–919. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.101

Morens, D. M., & Fauci, A. S. (2013). Emerging infectious diseases: threats to human health and global stability. PLoS Pathogens, 9(7), e1003467. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003467

Moskowitz, J. T., Hult, J. R., Bussolari, C., & Acree, M. (2009). What works in coping with hiv? A meta-analysis with implications for coping with serious illness. Psychological Bulletin, 135(1), 121-141. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014210

Ong, A. D., Fuller-Rowell, T. E., & Bonanno, G. A. (2010). Prospective predictors of positive emotions following spousal loss. Psychology and Aging, 25(3), 653-660. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018870

Perrins, J., King, N., & Collings, J. (1998). Assessment of long-term psychological well-being following intensive care. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 14(3), 108–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0964-3397(98)80351-0

Rowan, K. M. (1992). Outcome comparisons of intensive care units in Great Britain and Ireland using the APACHE II method. Oxford: University of Oxford.

Rubin, G. J., Amlôt, R., Page, L., & Wessely, S. (2009). Public perceptions, anxiety, and behaviour change in relation to the swine flu outbreak: Cross sectional telephone survey. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 339(7713), 156. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b2651

Rubin, G. J., Finn, Y., Potts, H. W. W., & Michie, S. (2015). Who is sceptical about emerging public health threats? Results from 39 national surveys in the united kingdom. Public Health, 129(12), 1553–1562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2015.09.004

Rubin, G. J., Potts, H. W. W., & Michie, S. (2010). The impact of communications about swine flu (influenza a h1n1v) on public responses to the outbreak: Results from 36 national telephone surveys in the uk. Health Technology Assessment, 14(34), 183–266. https://doi.org/10.3310/hta14340-03

Schulz, R., & Beach, S. R. (1999). Caregiving as a risk factor for mortality: The caregiver health effects study. JAMA, 282(23), 2215–2219. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.23.2215

Setbon, M., & Raude, J. (2009). Population response to the risk of vector-borne diseases: Lessons learned from socio-behavioural research during large-scale outbreaks. Emerging Health Threats Journal, 2, e6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22460287/

Smith, R. D. (2006). Responding to global infectious disease outbreaks: Lessons from sars on the role of risk perception, communication and management. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 63(12), 3113–3123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.08.004

Stroebe, M., Schut, H., & Stroebe, W. (2007). Health outcomes of bereavement. The Lancet (British Edition), 370(9603), 1960–1973. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61816-9

Stroebe, W., & Stroebe, M. S. (1987). Bereavement and health: The psychological and physical consequences of partner loss. Cambridge University Press.

Sutton, S. (1987). Social-psychological approaches to understanding addictive behaviours: Attitude-behaviour and decision-making models. British Journal of Addiction, 82(4), 355–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1987.tb01492.x

Taylor, S. (2020). Transformation through loss and grief: A study of personal transformation following bereavement. The Humanistic Psychologist, 49(3), 381-399. https://doi.org/10.1037/hum0000172

Tedlie Moskowitz, J., & Wrubel, J. (2005). Coping with hiv as a chronic illness: A longitudinal analysis of illness appraisals. Psychology & Health, 20(4), 509–531. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440412331337075

Tyson, J. (2013). Turning a tragedy into a tribute: A literature review of creating meaning after loss of a loved one. Illness, Crisis & Loss, 21(4), 325–340. https://doi.org/10.2190/IL.21.4.e

Umberson, D., & Chen, M. D. (1994). Effects of a parent’s death on adult children: Relationship salience and reaction to loss. American Sociological Review, 59(1), 152–168. https://doi.org/10.2307/2096138

Umberson, D., Wortman, C. B., & Kessler, R. C. (1992). Widowhood and depression:Explaining long-term gender differences in vulnerability. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 33(1), 10–24. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136854

van Eys, J. (1988). Is all well with the young man, Absalom. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.

Weinstein, N. D. (1993). Testing four competing theories of health-protective behavior. Health Psychology, 12(4), 324-333. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.12.4.324

Williams, K. (2003). Has the future of marriage arrived? A contemporary examination of gender, marriage, and psychological well-being. Journal of Health and Social Behavior,44(4), 470-487. https://doi.org/10.2307/1519794

Wurm, S., Tomasik, M. J., & Tesch-Römer, C. (2008). Serious health events and their impact on changes in subjective health and life satisfaction: The role of age and a positive view on ageing. European Journal of Ageing, 5(2), 117–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-008-0077-5

Zisook, S., Chentsova-Dutton, Y., & Shuchter, S. R. (1998). Ptsd following bereavement. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 10(4), 157–163. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1022342028750

References

What is CBD

First Time checklist

Planning your consumption

Ways to consume cannabis

Ways to reduce harm

Importance of set and setting

Cannabis myths

Alternatives to smoking cannabis

Mental health and cannabis

Overconsumption of cannabis

Drug use when facing stress

How to buy cannabis and how to read a cannabis label

Mixing cannabis with other substances

Effects of cannabis use on lung function

Effects of cannabis use on driving

Someone you know consumes cannabis

Impact of price, public health information, socialization and social stigma on drug use

Cannabis consumer protections and safety in Canada

Why people use drugs

Perception of health and well-being